Laptop Broker - Cheap Laptops Dell Lenovo Discount Notebooks

1 back to A-Z index
10/100	It refers to an Ethernet adapter or switch port that supports two different speeds of Ethernet on the same port. The two different speeds of Ethernet include 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. Normally, correct speed is selected through auto negotiation between connected devices. However, if auto negotiation fails, a multiple speed device senses the speed and decides on the correct speed.
10/100/1000	10/100/1000 is an Ethernet adapter or switch port that supports three different speeds of Ethernet on the same port. The three supported speeds include 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T. It ideally consists of an Ethernet network card or circuit in a chipset. This supports 10Base-T (10 Mbps), 100Base-T (100 Mbps), and 1000Base-T (1000 Mbps) access methods.
1080i	It refers to a high-definition television video mode. This is an abbreviated name for a category of video modes. 1080 stands for 1080 lines of vertical resolution and the alphabet ‘i’ stands for interlaced or non-progressive scan. 1080i can become compatible with newer 720p- and 1080p-based televisions. It is necessary to be de-interlaced first in order to be displayed on those sets.
1080p	This refers to a shortened name for a category of display resolutions. 1080 refers to 1,080 lines of vertical resolution while the alphabet ‘p’ stands for progressive scan. There is no interlacing of image. It offers a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, which means a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels. 1080p is sometimes referred to as ‘Full High-Definition’.
1U	This measurement unit describes height of server, network switch, or similar device. It should be mounted in a 19-inch rack or a 23-inch rack. One rack unit is 44.45 mm or 1.75 inches high. 1U or 1RU refers to a single rack unit. Professional audio and video gear comes with rack mount options. These use the same measurement specifications.
2 back to A-Z index
2U	It refers to the vertical space between shelves on a rack. It is the standard unit of measurement of height of a rack. A rack designated as 20U will have 20 rack spaces for equipment and 35 (20 x 1.75.) inches of vertical usable space. Rack and cabinet spaces and equipment that fit into them are measured in U.
3 back to A-Z index
32-Bit	It refers to computers that have 32-bit processors. This processor can access 4 GiB of byte-addressable memory directly. 32-bit processors can store a range of integer values through 4,294,967,295 using two's complement encoding. Normally, external address and data buses are wider. Yet, they remain within processor as 32-bit quantities. Pentium Pro processor is a 32-bit machine but its external data bus is 64 bits wide.
3D	It refers to computer graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data. Process of creating 3D computer graphics is sequentially divided into three basic phases. It includes 3D modeling to form shape of object, layout and animation, and 3D rendering to produce image of an object. 3D projection allows viewing of a three-dimensional image in two dimensions.
4 back to A-Z index
4 Cell	This is a Lithium-ion laptop battery. It is available in different shapes and sizes. This helps the battery fit in perfectly into the respective devices. This battery is much lighter than similar batteries as it has the third smallest atomic mass of all the elements. It supports high open circuit voltage. A major drawback is that the lifespan of this battery depends on the time of its manufacture, irrespective of whether it was used or not.
480i	This is abbreviation for a video mode. The ‘i’ stands for interlaced and 480 refers to a vertical frame resolution of 480 lines. There are different written conventions for resolution and rates like 480i60, 480i/60 (EBU) and 480/60i. 480i can be transported by all major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB, and ISDB. Most standard-definition TVs use it.
480p	This is abbreviation for a video display resolution. The ‘p’ refers to progressive scan, which is non-interlaced. 480 refers to a vertical resolution of 480 vertical scanning lines. This is normally in combination with a horizontal resolution of 640 pixels and 4:3 aspect ratio on standard-definition television. 480p is not sufficient to qualify for HDTV.
5 back to A-Z index
500 NIT	This is a specific type of display in select Panasonic Toughbook rugged series of notebook computers. These Toughbooks are normally in use in military, commercial, and public safety applications. The bright 500 NIT display ensures good and clear outside visibility. The visibility is 250 to 300% higher than those available through commercial laptops are.
56K Modem	This is a voice band modem capable of download speeds of a 56 kbit/s. This is the speed while connecting to any ISDN service or through other digital connection to phone network. All such speeds are mainly theoretical and actual speed is between 40 kbit/s and 50 kbit/s only. Initially there were two rival 56k modem systems. However, both are now through a firmware upgrade.
6 back to A-Z index
6 Cell	This is a Lithium-ion laptop battery. Lithium batteries posed major safety issues. Therefore, lithium ion-batteries have been able to overcome these restrictions. The anode is of carbon, electrolyte is a lithium salt in an organic solvent, and cathode is a metal oxide. They are presently in use in many commercial applications like consumer electronics.
64-Bit	This refers to 64-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units that are at most 64 bits or 8 bytes wide. 64-bit CPUs were in vogue in the sixties. They were introduced as x86-64 and 64-bit PowerPC in 2003. Most processors now have integrated floating-point hardware. These may or may not use 64-bit registers to hold data for processing.
7 back to A-Z index
720i	It refers to resolution of 1280x720 pixels. The ‘i’ refers to interlaced video format. This abbreviation actually refers to 720p HDTV or high-definition television format. In some cases, 720i is an actual alternative format to 720p. It is difficult to locate proposed or existing broadcast standard permitting use of 720 interlaced lines in a video frame at any frame rate.
720p	This refers to a specific category of HDTV video modes. 720 refers to 720 lines of vertical display resolution and ‘p’ refers to non-interlaced or progressive scan. 720p offers the highest temporal resolution possible under the ATSC standard when broadcast is at 60 frames per second. This system offers comparative absence of flicker or shimmering of moving edges.
8 back to A-Z index
802.11a	It refers to a Wi-Fi standard developed by the IEEE. This helps transmit data over a wireless network. It allows data transfer of up to 54 Mbps using a 5 GHz band. Other such standards include 802.11b and 802.11g. 802.11a follows a specific set of IEEE standards established by wireless networking transmission methods. It offers extensive implementation.
802.11b	This is a Wi-Fi standard developed by the IEEE for transmitting data over a wireless network. It can transfer data up to 11 Mbps and operates on a 2.4 GHz band. This does not pose any problem for Internet access. Most wireless networks are based on either 802.11b or 802.11g. It offers wireless connectivity at most commercial establishments.
802.11g	This Wi-Fi standard developed by the IEEE operates on a 2.4 GHz bandwidth with data transfer speed of up to 54 Mbps. It is backward compatible with 802.11b hardware. However, if the network supports any 802.11b-based computers, the entire network would have to run at 11 Mbps. Nevertheless, it is possible to configure 802.11g wireless router to only accept 802.11g devices to maintain essential speed.
802.11n	This IEEE standard allows devices like laptop computers or cellular phones to join a Wireless LAN. This configuration is in use in most offices, homes, and commercial establishments. This standard is faster than previous standards of 802.11b and 802.11g. This standard helps consumers move beyond traditional 10/100 wired LAN. It offers additional multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) to the physical (PHY) layer.
9 back to A-Z index
9 Cell	This is a Lithium-ion laptop battery. It is a type of rechargeable battery. Lithium ion batteries have an anode material into which lithium inserts. A lithium ion moves between the anode and cathode during discharge and charging. This battery is currently in use in portable electronics like laptops. These batteries are also popular for use in automotive, defense and aerospace applications.
A back to A-Z index
AC Adapter	It is an important source of electric power for electronic circuits. It can convert the available electric current into necessary and appropriate current or voltage. Such adapters function best with various circuits and include other power sources like photovoltaic or solar cells, batteries, mechanically driven generators, and fuel cells. AC adapters are classified according to circuits in use for conversion like filtering, rectification, and regulation.
Access Key	Access Key is a specific hardware that allows you to access specific software immediately, normally through the keyboard. This communication is usually through a web page. This key was first introduced in 1999 and was amply supported by Netscape 6, Internet Explorer 4, Omniweb, Safari, and iCab. It is possible by pressing Alt or Ctrl key simultaneously with the appropriate character on the keyboard.
Acer	Acer is a Taiwanese multinational electronics manufacturer and the third largest computer manufacturer in the world. Products include laptops and desktops, servers and storage, personal digital assistants, peripherals, displays, and different e-business solutions for home users, business, and government. Acer has recently joined the ranks of Blu-ray Disc Association. Soon it will be adding BD-R and BD-ROM drives to laptop and desktop systems. Acer has been into lawsuits for infringement of technological patents.
Active Matrix	Active matrix is the display available in desktop computers. It has superb color resolution and displays motions fast and accurately. Active matrix best suits high-level graphic situations, as imaging integrity is very important in such situations. Therefore, LCDs of Active matrix are currently in high demand for all notebook, television, and mobile phone applications.
AD-HOC	It is a wireless networking system consisting of stations within mutual access and reach through communicational mediums. These devices communicate with each other without use of any access point. Each of these devices function with the help of a wireless adapter connected as an independent 802.11 wireless LAN. This system is very useful as an independent service or at departmental levels.
Adapter	A physical device allows easy interchange of hardware or electronic interfaces without any change of function. This is normally available as a card inserted into the motherboard of your computer. This card facilitates exchange of information between computer microprocessor and devices it supports. Adapter patterns could be Class Adapter pattern or Object Adapter pattern.
Adobe	It is an American computer software company founded in 1982 with headquarters at California in USA. It first developed desktop publishing software and graphics with all fonts and applications as present in Illustrator, Photoshop, and Indesign. Although it was initially developed for Macintosh users, it is now the standard among graphics and printing service bureaus.
ADSL	This refers to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. This is a specific technique of transferring data over copper telephone lines. It has different maximum transfer rates for uploading and downloading of data. Web servers and users sending huge amount of upstream data may not find an ADSL connection beneficial. However, downloading of data is faster through this connection.
AGP	This refers to Accelerated Graphics Port. It is an Intel-designed graphics card expansion port. It offers very fast connection and communication between point-to-point channels for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard. This is specifically beneficial for acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Presently, these are becoming uncommon due to the recent PCI Express.
AirPort Card	Airport card is local area wireless networking available from Apple Inc. based on IEEE 802.11b standard, common as Wi-Fi. This is completely compatible with other 802.11b devices. Most recent additions include AirPort Extreme based on IEEE 802.11g specification and draft-IEEE 802.11n specification. In common parlance, it could be referred to as base station or expansion card.
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)	It is a company specializing in the manufacture of semiconductors and is the eleventh largest producer of semiconductors in the world. It is the second largest supplier of x86 based processors in the world. It is also the third largest supplier of graphics cards and GPUs in the world. AMD merged with ATI Technologies in July 2006.
Amp	It is a unit of electric current and symbolizes amount of electric charge per second. It is an SI base unit with the symbol, ‘A’. The name ampere comes from one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism, André-Marie Ampère. One ampere refers to the rate of 1 coulomb of charge per second. It is a base unit like Kelvin, meter, mole, and others.
Antenna	It is specifically in use in point-to-point radio communication, radio and television broadcasting, radar and space exploration, wireless LAN. It converts electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and back into electromagnetic waves. It normally works in open air or outer space but also functions under earth and water for specific frequencies and normally for short distances.
Antivirus	A computer program identifies, neutralizes, and does away with harmful software. This computer program can fight off different types of computer viruses, Trojan horses, worms, root kits, and other malware. Antivirus program first scan files to detect any known viruses from available virus dictionary. Thereafter, it analyzes and detects any infected or infectious programs.
Apple	It is an American multinational corporation manufacturing and designing consumer electronics and related software products. It produces and sells personal computers, computer software, mobile phones, portable media players, computer hardware, and accessories. It also has an online store for music videos, iPod games, audio books, and movies. The most popular products include iPod line of portable media players, Macintosh line of personal computers, and the iPhone.
ATA	This refers to Advanced Technology Attachment. ATA is a specific type of disk drive that integrates drive controller directly on the drive itself. You do not require any specific controller to support the drive. Few ATA drives are also referred to as Integrated Drive Electronics. The technology is the same. Different types of ATA standards include ATA-1, ATA-2 ATA-3, Ultra ATA, and others.
ATI	Four immigrants founded ATI Technologies in Canada in 1985. It is an important supplier of motherboard chipsets, graphics processing units, and video display cards. AMD, microprocessor manufacturer, bought and merged with ATI Technologies in 2006. ATI deals mainly in semiconductors and has its own research and development center. Manufacturing and assembly of products is outsourced.
Auto/Air Adapter	Auto batteries are common source of DC power for laptops. However, their voltage is much below the required levels. Auto DC adapter has an input plug at one end and an output connector for plugging into the power receptacle. Air adapter normally has both an auto adapter with input plug and a hypertonic plug.
AV	AV is the abbreviation for Audio Visual. Video technology involves recording, storing, processing, transmitting, and reconstructing various still images to represent scenes in motion. Video could refer to different video formats like MPEG-4, QuickTime, DVD, and digital video formats. Video can be interlacing or progressive. Interlacing helps achieve good video quality within available and specific limitations.
AVI	AVI is abbreviation for Audio Video Interleave, a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft. These files have both audio and video data. AVI files do not contain pixel aspect ratio information. It therefore requires Windows Media Encoder to encode video files with non-square pixels. However, its high compatibility overcomes all its limitations. AVI is still popular among different users.
B back to A-Z index
Backlight	Backlight is a form of illumination available at the back or at the sides in an LCD display. This light is predominantly found in small displays. It improves quality of light and helps in easy reading even in lowlight conditions. Sources of this light could be an electroluminescent panel, few light-emitting diodes, hot cathode fluorescent lamps, or cold cathode fluorescent lamp.
Backside Bus	Backside Bus is a computer bus that connects CPU-to-CPU cache memory. This bus operates over a small distance and can function exceedingly well at high clock speeds. This improves overall performance of your computer. Although initially cache connected to this bus was externally placed, presently, it is available as an on-chip as present in Intel Pentium Pro and Pentium II processors.
Backup	This refers to creating of duplicate copies of data to safeguard against any loss of data. Creating such backups is helpful in restoring your computer to original operational state after a disaster. The backup also helps in restoring small amount of files that could be corrupted or deleted. However, this is the least convenient system to use.
Backup Unit	It develops duplicate copies of all data on your computer to protect against any loss of data in case of any such event. Such additional copies formed are backups and prove very useful in disaster recovery. These also prove useful if any of your files become corrupted or are accidentally deleted. Such services are available with computer support systems.
Barcode	It is a mechanical representation of information readable through machines like optical scanners. It is normally in dark ink on a light background. This appears as high and low reflectance, which is converted into 1s and 0s. Barcodes are also seen in different patterns like concentric circles, patterns of dots, and text codes hidden within images.
Base Station	It refers to the wireless access point for computers with wireless cards. Base Station is essentially a router system that communicates with devices based on Wi-Fi standard. Common base station configurations include 802.11b and 802.11g. Although different companies like Linksys, Apple Computer, and Netgear manufacture base stations, all wireless cards can communicate with base stations from any manufacturer if hardware is based on the Wi-Fi standard.
Battery	It is a gadget made of one or more electrochemical cells. These cells store chemical energy, which is available as electrical energy. These cells could be electrolytic cells, galvanic cells, flow cells, fuel cells, and voltaic cells. Battery could be disposable or primary and rechargeable or secondary. You can use rechargeable batteries many times before they lose their power.
BenQ	This is a Taiwanese company engaged in the manufacture of communications, computing, and consumer electronics devices since 1984. The name of the company symbolizes their vision of ‘bringing Enjoyment and Quality to life’. Important products include computer keyboards, laptops, scanners and printers, LCD monitors and televisions, projectors, and mobile phones. Recently BenQ acquired mobile devices division of Germany's Siemens AG.
Binary	It is a numeral system representing numeric values using two symbols, usually 0 and 1. The normal base-2 system has a positional notation with a radix of 2. This system is used in the internal systems of all modern-day computers. In computers, the numeric values have two different voltages. A positive does not necessarily correspond to its numeric value.
Biometrics	Biometrics is the branch of science that measures and analyzes biological data. Biometrics is the system of using patterns of retina eye blood vessels, voice patterns, and fingerprints for identification instead of passwords. This system is gaining increasing popularity in corporate and public security systems. Biometric data is normally encrypted to prevent any theft of identity.
BIOS	BIOS is abbreviation for ‘basic input and output system’. This is a pre-installed program on Windows-based computers. CPU accesses BIOS even before your operating system is loaded. This is to check and locate all hardware connections and locations. BIOS allows operating system to load into the memory of your computer only if everything is fine and perfect. Thereafter, BIOS completes and ends the booting process.
Bit	Bit is abbreviated form of ‘binary digit’. It is the smallest unit of computer data and consists of either 0 or 1. A byte consists of eight bits. One single page of text contains around 16,000 bits. Bandwidth is measured in bits-per-second. CPUs consist of 32-bits or 64-bits. This means that there are 32/64 bits of data per cycle.
Blu-Ray	This is an optical disc-format developed mainly for storing large amounts of data and recording and playing back high-definition (HD) video. A single Blu-ray disc can hold up to 25 GB of data while dual-layer Blu-ray discs can store 50 GB of data. Blu-ray discs use blue lasers, which are originally blue-violet. This has a shorter wavelength and hence can store more data.
Bluetooth	Bluetooth is a wireless technology that facilitates communication between Bluetooth-compatible devices. It offers short-range connections in digital cameras, between desktop and laptop computers, cellular phones, scanners, and printers. It uses standard 2.4 GHz frequency. However, it can work only within a short range of 30 feet. This deficiency proves to be an excellent security feature.
Boot Disk	Boot disk is a disk that your computer uses to boot the system. It is an internal hard drive and the operating system installed on this loads during the booting process. The operating system could be Mac OS X, Windows, or other operating systems like Disk Warrior or Norton Utilities. CD and DVD boot disks prove useful if hard drive operating system does not function.
Bottom Base	It is a part of a support system of a laptop. The bottom base is a part of the bottom tray. It has a first and second end opposite to each other. The bottom base has a small hole for receiving the first lip of the top tray while in storage position. It prevents sliding of top tray.
Bridge	It connects two or more local area networks (LANs) together. Data travels across the different areas covered within this network. Bridge offers fast communication channels for transfer of data but is not as versatile as router. There is no analysis of data on a bridge as present in a router. Bridge cannot be used as a firewall.
Brightness	It is the perception due to luminance of a visual object. It is a subjective property of any specific object. The brightness control makes the object look brighter. However, if controlled with a contrast or white level control, it can define the black level of the image perfectly. This helps users adjust their computer or laptop settings suitably.
Broadband	It is a relative term that signifies high-speed transmission of data through a single cable at any single time. Broadband connections for the Internet could be through cable modems and DSL modems. Ethernet is the common interface to broadband modems like DSL data links. Broadband can handle multiple frequencies divided into channels or frequency bins.
Browser	This application program offers a way to look and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. It is a generic term for user interfaces. These allow you to browse text files online. Some of the common Web browsers available include Internet Explorer, Netscape, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, and others.
Byte	Byte is a unit of information. It is a set of eight bits representing one single character in the memory of your computer. This helps measure hard disk space, file sizes, and computer memory. Higher denominations include megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes. It is one of basic integral data types. This is essential for system programming languages.
C back to A-Z index
C++	It is an object oriented programming language specifically useful for creating large-scale applications. It is a statically typed, free form, and multi-paradigm language. It supports data abstraction, procedural programming, generic programming, and object-oriented programming. Enhancements to the language include addition of various features like operator overloading, virtual functions, templates, multiple inheritance, and exception handling. A more advanced version is being developed.
Cable	Cable refers to one or more optical fibers joined within a common protective jacket or sheath. All wires may be covered or insulated. Cable could consist of a combination of electrical and optical fibers. Although electrical wires are predominantly copper due to their high conductivity, aluminum wires are also in use for their low costs.
Cable Modem	Cable modem offers faster Internet connection than dial-up modems. This connects to a local cable TV line to offer Internet connectivity. It offers a continuous Internet connection. Cable modems attach to a standard Ethernet port. This allows data transfer at very fast speeds. Cable modem normally offers 200 Kbps to 2 Mbps transfer rate.
Cache	This is a temporary storage bin in the memory and hard drive of your computer. You can store data in cache for frequent and quick access. This provides free access if it is difficult to retrieve from the original stored position. Otherwise, it would take a lot of time for CPU to get it from the main memory.
Caddy	This is a metallic or plastic sheath to place a hard disc within. It can then be connected to same type of adapters as that of a power supply or a conventional motherboard. There are two sockets on the exterior of a caddy. These are for power and data transfer. It allows high transfer speed and offers larger storage drives.
Capacitor	Capacitor is an electrical or electronic device that stores electrical charge using positively and negatively charged surfaces with a gap between them. This helps differentiate between high frequency and low-frequency signals. It proves useful in electronic filters. It is also referred to as condensers. Smaller capacitors are normally in use in electrical circuits. The process of storing energy is charging.
Capture	It is a screen dump, screen capture, or screenshot of an image by the computer. It helps record all visible items displayed on the monitor. It can be of any color depth and resolution. The software available on the computer captures the image. It helps demonstrate a program or depict a problem if you want to show the computer output.
Case	It refers to ‘Computer-aided software engineering’. The CASE tools help in maintenance and development of existing software. Such tools include Data modeling tools, Code generation tools, Refactoring tools, UML, Configuration management tools including revision control, and QVT or Model transformation Tools. Some tools also generate output of other associated systems like data flow diagrams, program specifications, database scheme, and user documentation.
CAT5	It is a specific standard of data and communications cable according to Telecommunications Industry Association and ISO (International Standards Organization). This category is formally popular as ANSI/TIA/EIA 568A-5 or Category 5e. It can function up to 350MHZ. It contains four pairs of twisted copper wire and can support 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet. This is the best category of cable for use in any network.
CAT6	It is the sixth generation of twisted pair Ethernet cabling. This is according to the standard established by Electronic Industries Association and Telecommunications Industry Association. It contains and uses four pairs of copper wire. It supports Gigabit (1000 Mbps) Ethernet and offers communications at more than twice the speed of CAT5e. The maximum run rate is 100m or 328 feet.
CD	CD refers to Compact Disc. It is a circular disc with a diameter of 12cm. It can hold more than 700 MB of data or eighty minutes of audio. All data on a CD remains as small notches, which represent 1s and 0s. You can read it through a laser from an optical drive, which translates the notches.
CDR	It refers to Compact disc recordable. CDRs are blank CDs and you can record data on them through a CD burner. These CDs not only record music but can also support writing of other kinds of data. These discs are also popular as ‘writable CDs’. All data burned on to CDR remains permanently and cannot be erased or changed.
CDRW	This refers to Compact disc rewritable. This is a blank CD and can be written through a CD burner. However, any data burned on CD-RW can be erased and rewritten many times. If you want to write something on a CD-RW, you have to erase all the earlier data completely and thereafter burn the new data.
Celeron	This refers to specific range of Intel's x86 CPUs. These are specifically in use in budget value personal computers. The first Celeron branded CPU was according to Pentium II branded core. All the later Celerons were based on the Pentium III, Pentium 4, Pentium M, and Core 2 Duo branded processors. Although these can run all computer programs, their performance level is not up to the level of other counterparts.
Cell phone	It is a long-range and portable electronic device offering mobile communication with various specialized base stations known as cell sites. It offers voice function, SMS for text messaging, MMS for sending and receiving photos and video, packet switching for access to the Internet, and e-mail. Nokia Corporation is presently the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones.
Cellular Connection	It refers to communication that does not fall within the category of written or verbal communication alone. This is connection on a molecular level. It differs and is not the same everywhere. Cellular connection could be through gap junctions, desmosomes, and tight junctions. All offer easy communication between connecting cells although on different levels. Connection follows a specific route.
Centrino	This is a creation of platform marketing by Intel. It offers a particular combination of main board chipset, CPU, and wireless network interface within a laptop personal computer. All components together offer longer battery life, better performance, and broad wireless network inter-operability. Laptop vendors should use all three Intel qualified parts to earn a Centrino label.
Charger	This is a device to provide energy into a cell or battery by passing electric current through it. There are different types of battery chargers like simple, fast, intelligent, timer-based, and USB-based. The charge and technology in use depends on the capacity of battery being charged. Different batteries require different amounts of charge or electric current.
Chipset	It refers to a group of integrated chips or circuits marketed as a single product. All these chips work together in perfect unison. Modem card, CPU, and processors have different chipsets. It controls communication between processor and external devices. Hence, it is an important determinant of systems performance. Some server manufacturers develop systemized chipsets for their products.
Cisco	Cisco Systems, Inc. is a huge American multinational firm founded in 1984 with its headquarters at San Jose in California. It primarily designs and sells networking and communications technology and services. Presently, it also offers different home user products, all the while expanding its products for corporate customers. It was among the first companies to sell router devices.
Citrix	Citrix Systems is an American firm founded in 1989. It is engaged in securing and delivering software services and web-based applications to corporate customers. The company functions mainly from its headquarters in Florida and has subsidiary operations at Massachusetts, California, and development centers at India, Australia, and the UK. It specializes in remote access software, client, and terminal services for delivering and managing applications over the Internet.
Clock Speed	This is the fundamental rate in cycles per second to measure the speed of a computer in performing basic functions like transferring value from one processor register to another, adding, and similar more. It is measured in hertz. Although different chips on the motherboard may have different speeds, normally, clock speed refers to the speed of the CPU.
Cluster	It can refer to a group of sectors on a disk or a group of connected computers. It helps organize and identify files on the disk. Files occupy different clusters of space on the disk. Different computers performing same or similar function grouped together form a cluster. Such clusters are useful for performing scientific calculations or decrypting algorithms.
CMOS	This refers to Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. It consists of various integrated circuits. This technology is primarily in use in static RAM, microprocessors, digital logic circuits, and microcontrollers. It is also in use in various analog circuits like data converters, image sensors, and highly integrated transceivers. All CMOS devices have specific characteristics of low static power consumption and high noise immunity.
COA	This refers to Certificate of Authenticity. This appears as a small sticker or seal on a proprietary computer program. This signifies that the program is authentic. The license number assures you that the program is a genuine and legal copy. This label remains within the System Builder software pack. System builders should affix this stamp on the side that houses this specific software.
Codec	This is a software module that decompresses or compresses any encoded media format such as AVI digital video, QuickTime, DivX, Matroska, RealMedia, ASF, and MP4. Codec comes across as a combination of different words like 'coder-decoder', 'compressor-decompressor', or 'compression/decompression algorithm'. This software module is often in use in videoconferencing and media applications and is popular for converting digital signal formats.
Combo Drive	Combo Drive is a type of optical drive that combines the ability to read with CD-R/CD-RW recording capability. This offers a mid-range option between a CD burner and a DVD burner. As the cost difference between DVD burner and a combo drive is fast declining, new PCs come with a DVD burner. Mac minis and Mac books alone have combo drives presently.
Compact Flash	This is a type of flash memory. It is primarily in use in digital cameras for storing pictures. However, this device is also commonly in use in portable music players and PDAs. There are two types of Compact Flash cards. These are Type I and Type II. Although initially they could store few megabytes of data, presently these Compact Flash cards can store many gigabytes of data.
Compaq	This is an American personal computer company founded in 1982 by three senior managers of Texas Instruments. The word ‘Compaq’ refers to ‘Compatibility and Quality’. It remained an independent corporation until its merger with Hewlett-Packard in 2002. After merger, the ticker symbol changed from CPQ to HPQ. HP introduced a new logo for its Compaq division in May 2007 for the new Compaq Presario model.
Component	This refers to the many small parts that go into the making of every part of the computer like CPU, hard drive motherboard, and RAM. It is an element of a larger group or parts of computer. Different components need to be connected with soldering agents to printed circuit board and create an electronic circuit with specific function.
Composite	It is the same as CVBS. This means Color, Video, Blank and Sync. It is the format of an analog television signal before combining with a sound signal and modulating it into an RF carrier. Composite monitor is any analog video display, receiving input as an analog composite video signal through a single cable only.
Computer	Computer is a machine that can execute a list of programmed functions in the form of given instructions and corresponding functions. Important parts of a computer include CPU, motherboard, hard drive, memory (or RAM), and video card. The earliest computers that came out in the forties were huge machines. Modern day computers are much smaller and constitute many tiny integrated circuits.
Connectivity	This refers to the continuous transport of packets between two points. Initially, there were restrictions that caused obstructions in the free movement of audio and video over the Internet. Connectivity has been able to overcome this shortcoming. It allows free and continuous movement. This has been responsible for transmission of live events through the Internet.
Connector	Connector is a transceiver cable that creates a path between a media access unit and a node’s Ethernet interface. Connector could be power connector, audio connector, or video connector. Power connector is designed to carry small or large amounts of power. Audio connector carries audio frequencies. It could be digital or analogue. Video connector carries only video signals.
Contrast	Contrast in general refers to dissimilarity. It could be differences in color, language, medium, or statistics. Color contrast is the function that analyzes differences in intensity of light. A high contrast contains sharp blacks and whites while a low contrast shows variations in gray shades only. Although such differences can be set right through video processors, few video processors offer perfect contrast control.
Control Panel	Control Panel is a part of graphical user interface in Microsoft Windows that allows you to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls. You can change settings like adding hardware, controlling user accounts, and adding and removing software. Recent versions of Windows offer two views of Control Panel as Classic View and Category View. You can switch between these options.
Controller Card	Controller Card is a piece of hardware that acts as an interface between motherboard and other components of the computer. Most computers have built-in chips in the motherboard that control functioning of different components. Hence, they may not be in the shape of an actual card but function as a chip only. These are normally within computer's PCI slots.
Converter	Converter is a circuit that converts a source of direct current from one voltage level to another. Such converters are necessary in different electronic devices like laptop computers and cell phones. Converter also helps in generating multiple controlled voltages from a single variable battery voltage. This does away with the need of using multiple batteries for supplying power to different parts of the device. It also saves space.
Converter Cable	Converter cable helps convert current input and voltage output. Current to voltage converter is a circuit that converts current into a different voltage. In some cases, passive converters can help perform the function. In other cases, active converters are necessary. Ideally, input should be the constant source of electric current for perfect alignment of converter.
Convertible	It is a slate-shaped mobile computer with touch screen or graphics tablet or screen hybrid technology. This allows you to operate the computer with a digital pen, stylus, or your fingertip. You do not have to use the mouse or keyboard. This increases mobility of your computer. Sometimes tablet computers offer limited functionality in certain areas of application.
Copier	Copier is a machine that makes various paper copies of images and documents fast and cheap. Most copiers use xerography technology. Such copiers have a huge demand in offices, education, and government organizations. Although digital document creation and distribution could prove to be a competitor to copiers, it cannot render copiers obsolete, as they are very convenient.
Core 2 Duo	It refers to Intel's consumer 64-bit dual-core and MCM quad-core CPUs with x86-64 instruction set. It consists of single-core or Solo, dual-core or Duo, quad-core or Quad, and dual or quad-core CPUs or Extreme. Core 2 relegated the Pentium brand to a lower-end market. It however unified desktop and laptop CPU lines and divided them into Pentium 4, D, and M brands.
Core Duo	Core Duo refers to Intel's 32-bit mobile dual-core x86 CPUs derived from Pentium M branded processors. It is very similar to two interconnected Pentium M branded CPUs being packaged as a single die (piece) silicon chip. However, there was a marked discontinuation of various Core branded CPUs on September 2006 and January 4, 2008.
CPU	This stands for Central processing unit. It is the main thinking part of the computer. All functions are perceived and carried out by CPU. It consists of ALU and the control unit. It is also commonly known as processor. CPUs are now increasingly present in different digital devices ranging from modern microprocessors to automobiles to toys to cell phones.
Creative Labs	This is the US subsidiary of Creative Technology Limited, which is the listed manufacturer of computer multimedia products in Singapore. Presently, Creative Labs is well known for portable multimedia players. However, the company could not stand up to existing competition. Finally, it delisted from NASDAQ in 2007. It is presently listed only on Singapore stock exchange.
CRT	This stands for Cathode Ray Tube. This technology is primarily in use in televisions and computer monitors. This vacuum tube produces light when an electron beam hits its internal surface. This tube helps in displaying pictures in TV sets, video monitors, and computer monitors. Flat displays like Plasma, LCD, TFT, and other modern types would eventually replace CRT.
D back to A-Z index
Data Transfer Rate	It is the rate at which average number of characters, bits, or blocks travel per unit of time between equipment in a data transmission system. This improves functioning and efficiency of different systems. It can handle extra bandwidth constraints in times of heavy usage. Fiber optic loop backs prove very efficient in measuring and conducting data transfer tests.
DB25	This is a common type of electrical connector. It is the same as D-sub or D-subminiature, although they are the largest common connectors primarily in use in computers. The original D-subminiature connector is now identified as DIN 41652. ITT Cannon invented D-subminiature connectors in 1952. It contains two parallel rows of sockets or pins surrounded by D-shaped metal shield for mechanical support.
DB9	It is the same as DE-9 connector. This is a common type of D-subminiature electrical connector. It is normally always intended to be an E-size shell with a ninepin connector. Presently there are various connectors with the same shell size but with more pins. They sometimes come with ‘M’ and ‘F’ suffixes in place of socket and plug.
DDR	This stands for double data rate. This improves memory of laptops and thereby reduces power consumption. It is an advanced version of a type of computer memory, popular as SDRAM. DDR can receive and send computer signals twice in per clock cycle. You can run DDR at different clock speeds than the specific ones they are made for. This is possible through under clocking or over clocking.
DDR2	This stands for Double Data Rate 2. It is a more improvised version of DDR memory. It is faster and more efficient than the earlier version. It can perform almost double the work of that of a DDR. A major downslide of DDR2 is that it is not compatible with all standard DDR slots. You should make sure that your computer is able to support this memory chip before upgrading it.
Debug	This is a systematic process of detecting and reducing the number of defects and bugs in computer hardware or any specific computer program. It can prove difficult in interlinked systems. This is a huge and prolonged task and depends on the skill and expertise of the programmer. Various debugger tools help a programmer to carry out the task.
Defragment	This process reduces fragmentation in file systems. It involves physical reorganization of all contents of the disk to store all files suitably and in an organized manner. It creates more free space through fragmentation and compact arrangements. This helps increase life span of the hard disk. Periodic fragmentation can keep the disk performance at high levels.
Dell	Dell Inc. is a Texas based company that manufactures, develops, and supports personal computer and sells, data storage devices, PDAs, and various technology-related products. Dell forms one of the top sellers of PCs and servers. With assembling plants around the globe, Dell Computers can boast of more that 78,700 employees and as one of the Fortune 500 companies of the world.
DeskJet	DeskJet is the brand of inkjet printers that Hewlett-Packard Company manufactures. They range from large industrial to small domestic models, even though the largest model is called the DesignJet. The first model of DeskJet was introduced in 1988 that came with black ink cartridge. However, it was only in 1991 that the first color DeskJet arrived.
Desktop	A desktop is an electronic machine that helps the computer derive meaningful information from raw data. Desktop computers are of four types namely, special communication computers, internet servers, workstations and personal computers or home computers. They are affordable and quite common in business, households, and schools because of their affordability. Most desktop computers have components that are easily upgradeable and replaceable.
Desktop Replacement	A DTR or Desktop replacement computer is a PC that has all the capabilities of a desktop computer but is portable. Evolution of modern desktop computer happened because of the use of laptops in only semi-permanent location. The DTR are mostly bulkier, larger laptop. Their increased size makes them capable of powerful component and larger display. Moreover, they have relatively limited battery capacity.
DHCP	Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP is a protocol used in networked devices. It helps the client to achieve all the required parameters needed to operate an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The use of this protocol is greatly helpful in reducing workload for system administration. Moreover, one can add dices to the network with negligible or nil manual configurations.
Diagonal	A diagonal may refer to the line joining 2 nonadjacent vertices of polyhedron or polygon. In mathematical the term diagonal apart from the geometric meaning is used in matrices, referring the set of entries, along the diagonal line. Diagonal was originally derived from a Greek word referring to the line that connects 2 vertices of a cuboid or the rhombus or cuboid.
Dialup	Dialup or the data dialup is a technology that allows the user access to the internet on his or her personal computer or terminal by the help of a modem. No additional infrastructure is needed on top of telephone network for dialup. Dialup is useful for travelers due to easy availability of telephone points around the world.
Digital Audio	Digital signals are converted to sound reproduction through digital audio. This includes digital to analog conversion, analog to digital conversion, transmission, and storage. In other words, digital audio is a digital form of audio. Distribution of audio in the form of data files instead of physical object has reduced the distribution cost significantly.
Digitizer Pen	A digitizer pen is a device that is integrated with the screen and helps in interacting through the virtual information displayed on it. A digitizer pen rather than relative pointing device, it is an absolute pointing device like a touchpad or a mouse. There are different types of digitizer pens they are as follows: • Active digitizer • Passive digitizer • Hybrid digitizer • Stroking pen
DIMM	DIMM or Dual In-Line Memory Module is a form of computer memory. It comprises series randomly accessed memory integrated circuit. DIMM uses a 64-bit path for memory as compared to 32-bit path by the single line memory module (SIMM). The faster modes of data transfer by DIMM have made them replace SIMM of late. Few popular DIMM’s are: • The 100 pin DIMM used in SDRAM printer • The 144 pin SO-DIMM used in SDR SDRAM
Diode	A diode is a device that has two active electrodes. The signal of interest flow between these two electrodes and these diodes are mostly used because of their unidirectional current property. The thermionic and metal rectifiers were the first commercially used diodes. Initially germanium was used to fabricate the semiconductor diode but at present, doped silicon is used often.
Display	Display is most commonly called a monitor is an electrical equipment that displays viewable images that are computer generated. A display also is applicable for TV broadcasting from where a picture of high quality is displayed. On the other hand, a computer display is mostly a flat panel, like a TFT LCD or a cathode-ray tube.
DMA	It refers to Direct Memory Access. This is a technique of transferring data from the computer's RAM to another part of the computer without CPU processing. This is an efficient way to move data and saves on processing time. Every type of port on a computer should have specific set of DMA channels for each connected device.
DMI	DMI or Desktop Management Interface is means through which a standard for tracking and managing components in server, notebook or desktop computers. DMI can also be defined as an abstraction layer that lies between the software that manages and the system components. For users it a table provided by BIOS personal computer through which information can be derived in certain standardized way.
Docking Station	A docking station is a device through which portable computers can ‘plug-in’ to a common computer peripheral. It enables the laptop to become a substitute of a desktop computer, without discarding its mobile computing functions. A docking system contains hardware that is not required while traveling and generally remains on the desk. The other devices that a docking station can support are: • Optical drive bays • Hard drive bays • Mouse/keyboard connectors • External display connectors • PC Card slots
Dolby 6.1	Dolby 6.1 refers to the surround system’s version: • It delivers five audio channels, one LFE channel, and one extracted audio channel from the six-channel source. • It contains one channel of surround speakers at rear back surround channel • It describes the Dolby Digital EX matrixed/discrete surround system. • Seven speakers form the surround sound speaker placement, and they both differ for movie and music content.
Dolby 7.1	Dolby 7.1 refers to the surround system’s version: • It delivers seven audio channels and one LFE channel from eight-channel source. • It contains two channels of surround speakers at rear left back and right back. • It describes Dolby Digital and the discrete surround system. • Eight speakers form the surround sound speaker placement, and they both differ for movie and music content.
Dolby Digital	Dolby Digital is the marketing name used for the set of audio compression technology by Dolby Laboratories. Dolby Digital includes various similar technologies, including Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital Live, Dolby Digital EX, Dolby Digital Surround EX, Dolby TrueHD and Dolby Digital Plus. However, the most common version is the AC-3 or the Dolby Digital, which contains up to 6 discrete sound channels.
Dongle	Dongle is a hardware device that helps the computer in authenticating software. Without dongle, the software either refuses to run or lets the software run in restricted mode. Many proprietary vendors Dongles as digital rights management, as it is difficult copy the dongle than the software it authenticates.
DOS	Disk Operating System or DOS is the first operating system used in IBM compatible computers. Initially it came in two versions, ‘PC-DOS’ developed by the IBM. ‘MS DOS’ was the other that Microsoft bought it as well as the rights and was coupled with Windows first versions. DOS uses text-based interface, in which the user can type commands. By typing simple instructions like CD (Change Directory), PWD (Print Work Directory) one open files, browse files on hard drive and run programs.
Double Layer	Double layer is a technology mostly used in producing high-quality DVD. It is most prevalent as ‘DVD9’ technology. it fulfills the DVD specification and offers up to 4 hours of top quality of MPEG 2 video. Double layer supported recorders are able to record on single layer DVD discs and new double layer DVD recordable discs and in CDs. A double layer recordable disc contains 2 recording layers with organic dye called the L0 and L1 respectively.
DPI	Dots per inch or DPI are measurement of printing resolution, the number of individual ink dots a toner or printer can produced within the defined space of one inch or 2.54 cm. To a certain point, printers having higher DPI yield detailed and clearer output. It is not necessary for the printer to possess a single DPI measure. It depends on the print mode, which is under the influence of driver settings.
DRAM	This refers to Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is the common type of memory found in personal computer systems. This is a type of RAM. It stores each bit of data on a separate capacitor. It requires less physical space to store the same amount of data than if it is stored statically. However, DRAM capacitors require lot of charge or power to remain refreshed.
Driver	In the world of computers, the term driver means a small file that helps the computer to communicate with certain hardware device. It contains necessary information the computer requires for controlling and recognizing the device. In Windows operated PCs the driver is mostly packaged as .dll file or dynamic link library. However, the Macintosh computers do not require the device, because most of them come with the drivers known as .ktext file.
DSL	DSL or Digital Subscriber Line is a medium of digital data transfers through regular telephone lines and may be used to connect the internet. Originally, DSL stood for Digital Subscriber Loop, but over the time, it developed its new name to be more market friendly. It is much faster than the regular telephone line and as asymmetric DSL has the capacity to download speed of 1.5 megabits/sec whereas the upload speed for the same is 128 kilobits/sec.
Dual Channel	Dual-channel is a motherboard technology with the capacity of doubling data throughput to the memory controller from RAM. Memory controller that is dual channel enabled can operate 2 sixty-four bit data channels to get 128 bits bandwidth and move data from the RAM to CPU. However, this technology does not relate to memory modules and the matched memory module may support either single or dual channel operation provided it is a motherboard-supported architecture.
Dual Display	Dual display is also known as dual monitor or multi-head. They are various terms used to refer the use of multi display device such as televisions, monitors, and projectors to increase the available area for computer programs operating on the single computer device. According to Microsoft, it is the best way of improving ones productivity.
Dual Layer	This is a second physical layer within the DVD disc. This offers extra storage space on DVD-R and DVD+R discs. It can store up to 8.5 Gigabytes per side per disc in comparison to 4.7 Gigabytes for single-layer discs. It takes little time for dual layer DVD to start functioning, as the laser has to pass through the first semi-transparent layer ahead of reaching the second layer.
DVD	It stands for digital versatile disc or digital videodisc. This is an optical disc with high capacity and storage space, much more than a CD. A single-layer single-side DVD can store up to 4.7 GB of data. It can store movies. You require a graphics card with DVD decoder to view movies on your computer from a DVD.
DVD+R	This refers to Digital Versatile Disc Recordable. These DVDs are essentially for recording data. These discs allow writing only once. Hence, they best suit storing of video, audio, or other nonvolatile data. This format is not as common as the DVD-R format, although both look similar. However, DVD±R drives can read data from DVD-R and DVD+R.
DVD+RW	This refers to Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable. This disc allows you to erase and rewrite data. However, all data present will be erased before you rewrite new data. It can hold 4.7GB of data and is available as single-sided only. You need a DVD burner that supports DVD+RW format for writing and rewriting data on it.
DVD-R	This stands for Digital Versatile Disc Recordable. This is the most common format of writable DVD. It is a single-sided single-layer DVD and can store 4.7GB of data. It can be burned to record data. Nevertheless, it does not allow rewriting of data. It has a groove that offers a constant wobble frequency for motor control.
DVD-RAM	This refers to DVD–Random Access Memory, which is a disc specification. This is in use in camcorders, computers, and personal video recorders since 1998. This is an extremely reliable format of DVD as it supports a defect management system and has a built-in error control. It allows easy writing and erasing of data, which makes it very popular for use.
DVD-RW	This stands for Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable. It is useful for multiple recordings and temporary storage of data. You need a burner that supports this DVD format for recording or re-recording data. This type of DVD is not very popular for computer usage, as they cannot hold permanent back-up files. Rather, non-rewritable disc prove cheaper and are a better alternative for permanent data storage.
DVI	This refers to Digital Video Interface. This is a video interface that offers maximum visual quality of digital display devices like digital projectors and flat panel LCD computer displays. DVI connections are of three types. They include DVI-A for analog, DVI-D for digital, and DVI-I for both analog and digital. Most DVI ports support both analog and digital displays.
E back to A-Z index
E-mail	This is abbreviation for electronic mail. It is an Internet-based system of sending mails through Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Receipt of message through e-mail is by POP3 or Post Office Protocol 3. It is a simple technique of forming, sending, storing, and receiving messages over electronic communication system. E-mail refers to both noun and verb versions of the word.
Eject	Ejecting a laptop while in suspended mode from its docking station can make an error message appear on your screen. Your computer may although resume functioning. Ideally, you should remove any CD-ROMs present in the drive, disable auto insert notification, or configure power management settings to prevent your computer from going into suspended mode before trying to eject.
Embedded	This is a specially designed computer system that can perform specified functions. It could be within the computer hardware and can do different programming tasks. It can be as a single controller chip or consist of multiple units. Such embedded-systems are commonly available in different portable devices like MP3 players, digital watches, factory controllers, traffic lights, and nuclear power plants.
Encryption	Encryption is the mechanism of coding information in such a manner that it can be read and understood only by the person having the exact decoding key. This ensures complete confidentiality of data. Any third person intercepting the data cannot read or understand it. It is primarily in use in secure web sites and in other mediums of data transfer. There are many standard encryption hardware and software available.
Ethernet	It is the most common type of connection in use in computers through LAN. This port looks similar to a phone jack, except that it is wider. Ethernet port connects you to cable modems, external DSL, local network, or another computer. Ethernet is normally 10BaseT and 100BaseT. This refers to data transfer speeds. Gigabit Ethernet offers data transfer speed of 1000 mbps.
EXE	It is common filename extension. It refers to an executable file or program in DOS, OpenVMS, Microsoft Windows, and OS/2 operating systems. There are various main EXE file formats like 16-bit new executable, 64-bit portable executable, DOS executable, 32-bit linear executable, and 32-bit portable executable. These files also contain bitmaps and icons for use in graphical interface.
Express Card	This is a hardware device that replaces PCMCIA cards. It offers USB 2.0 connectivity. It supports two forms of cards, ExpressCard/34 and ExpressCard/54. It offers better scalability, lower cost, and better integration with motherboard chipset technology. It can accept SATA external disk drives, Firewire 800 (1394B), and wireless cards. Express Card interface is however not compatible with Card Bus devices.
Extended Desktop	With Extended desktop, you can view icons, windows, notes, and all programs on your screen although the projector shows only the single window you move. In order to use this desktop, you should be familiar with restore, maximize, and move windows functions. Normally extended desktop is located on the right side of your computer. Moving and restoring window to the extended desktop can maximize your window.
Extended Life Battery	This is a unique power solution to increase the life of your battery. It offers an increase of five hours without any significant increase in the weight of the battery. Extended life battery helps you charge the battery while your laptop is docked. Such reconditioning of batteries is a form of better maintenance of your batteries.
External Hard Drive	External Hard Drive is a specific hard disk enclosure that can hold and power disk drives. Having an external hard drive adds to the available storage space in your laptops and digital video recorders. It offers an additional backup source with a separate power supply from another connected computer. It thereby offers additional protection to all files from damage and corruption.
External Media	It is best to store all-important data on external mediums like USB Flash drives, CDs, and Zip disks. The choice of storage medium depends on the amount of data you want to store. If you want a back up of less than 250MB of data, you can choose Zip drive. If you want more than 250MB of data storage space, choose a CD. Choose a USB flash drive if you do not require any formatting.
External Storage	This refers to any storage medium that is not present or in-built within your computer. This temporary device stores information and is useful for transporting information from one computer to another. This includes hardware devices like CDs, Web service, or Zip or flash drives, floppy disks, DVDs, memory cards, memory sticks, and memory spot chips.
F back to A-Z index
Fan	Fan is a mechanical device that produces airflow for ventilation or exhaust. Fans within computers push out warmer air from inside and draw in cooler air. This helps cool all hardware parts within the computer. This is essential to maintain components within their safe operating temperatures. Excessively heated parts have a shorter life span and could cause operational problems leading to system crashes.
Fan Cooler	This is a cooler pad and an additional accessory to reduce operating temperatures within computers. It is normally in use when laptop fans are unable to reduce heat within laptops. Some of the coolers suck out heated air from laptop underside while some others work by blowing cool air towards the insides of your laptop.
FAQ	This is the abbreviation for ‘Frequently Asked Questions’. This text file provides answers to the most common questions users normally have about any particular software. Web sites often refer visitors to their FAQ page before e-mailing any queries. FAQs are also available for different topics like technology standards, computer hardware, company information, and video games.
FAT32	This is a disk-formatting scheme with a maximum file size of 4 GB. This is an improvisation over the earlier disk formatting system of FAT16. It contains cluster counts within a 32-bit field with 28 bits being used for the cluster number. FAT32 was introduced with Windows 95 OSR2. Windows 2000 and Windows XP can read and write to FAT32 file systems of any size.
Fax Machine	Fax is abbreviation for facsimile, which means to make a similar copy. A fax machine consists of a modem, an image scanner, printer, and a phone. Scanner helps convert all content present on a printed document into a digital image. This is sent over a phone line through the modem and printer at the other end produces a copy of the document.
Fingerprint Reader	An electronic device captures digital image of the fingerprint pattern. This live scan undergoes digital processing and creates a biometric template. This image in biometric template remains stored for matching and other purposes. It helps in identification and verification of a person’s identity. This is possible by comparing different features of a fingerprint.
FiOS	This stands for fiber optic service. This is an exclusive telecommunication service offered by Verizon to different metropolitan areas like Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. FiOS offers increased telephone, video services, and Internet access. These services are available subject to different local conditions like services offered by other broadband competitors, cost, and customer location. Internet services include two or three bandwidth choices.
Firefox	This is a web-browser project offered by Mozilla Corporation. It is the second most popular web browser in use in the world. It uses open-source Gecko layout engine. It includes live book marking, spell checker, tabbed browsing, incremental find, download manager, and a search system that includes Google. It runs on different versions of Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.
Firewall	This software inspects web traffic passing through computer networks of different trust levels. It allows or denies permission for passage of traffic according to specific designed set of rules. This technology came into existence in the late eighties. It prevents network intrusion from private networks. This helps detect and restrict internet security breaches.
FireWire	This is IEEE 1394 interface from Apple. It offers high-speed communications with real-time data transfer. It is a very popular standard for connecting peripherals. It can connect different devices like audio interfaces, digital video cameras, MP3 players, and hard drives to your computer. It can transfer data at 400 Mbps, with recent ports having a capacity of 800 Mbps.
Firmware	It is a computer program embedded within a specific hardware device like microcontroller. It is also available as a binary image file for uploading onto available hardware. It can improve performance and reliability of available functionality of any device. Common devices that have firmware updates include Blu-ray, CD, DVD, and HD DVD. It ensures perfect compatibility of hardware and keeps all hardware up-to-date.
Flash Drive	This is a storage device using flash memory for storage rather than other conventional storage spaces. These drives are perfect imitations of hard drives with respect to shape, size, and interface. These drives do not require battery backups. They contain wear-leveling techniques that relocate data into other storage spaces if the drive is losing its power.
Flash Pen	This is a very small device similar to a pen. Flash Pen is a flash memory card that can plug into the USB port of your computer. It allows for easy transfer of data from machine to another. It is a more compact design of storing data and offers increased reliability and durability. It is small, lightweight, rewritable, and removable.
Flex Cable	It is a variety of flexible and flat electrical cable. It is in common use in high-density electronic applications like cell phones and laptops. It is available in different pitches like 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm. It has an average lifespan of five years. It normally has extra material attached at end of the cable for easy ZIF or LIF connections.
Floppy	Floppy disks are storage devices that originated in 1969. These are circular disks coated with iron oxide. They can store data on their magnetic tapes. These disks were in use in the early computers. However, presently they are being replaced by CDs and DVDs as data stored on floppy disks have a higher chance of being lost.
FPGA	This refers to field-programmable gate array. This is a semi-conductor device with various programmable logic components and programmable interconnects. This consists of logic blocks that can perform complex functions like mathematical functions and decoding work. You can include any specific program or design you require. This however functions slower than ASIC and consumes more power than ASIC counterparts consume.
Front Side Bus	The abbreviation for this is FSB. It connects computer processor to systems memory or RAM and to the other components on the motherboard. Rather, it is the main connection between processor and other parts of the motherboard. The speed of an FSB is normally measured in Megahertz or Gigahertz. The speed of your computer is dependent on the speed of the FSB.
FTP	This is abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol. This refers to data transfer from one computer to another through a network or through the Internet. These servers can be set up between voice servers, internet hosts, game servers, and other physical servers. Some FTP servers require specific login to access files while sometimes your e-mail address could function as the password.
G back to A-Z index
Gateway	This could be software or hardware functioning as a connecting path between two networks. This helps in easy transfer of data. If your web site connection has many small server connections in between, the number of gateways also increases correspondingly. This is an essential function of most routers. This function is commonly in use while sending e-mails across different web sites.
Gel Battery	It is a rechargeable valve and regulated lead-acid battery with a gelified electrolyte. It offers extensive resistance to extreme temperatures and does away with problems of electrolyte evaporation and consequent spillage. Gases produced during charging convert into liquid within the gel battery. This prevents any escape of gases and hence proves very useful as service batteries.
GIF	This is abbreviation for Graphics Interchange Format. It is a compressed image file format. It is dependent on indexed colors constituting more than 256 colors. These best suit animated images and small icons. However, color combinations are insufficient to support high-quality photos. This is an eight-bit per-pixel bitmap image format introduced by CompuServe in 1987. It offers extensive portability.
Gigabit	This is a unit of information or computer storage. It has an abbreviation of GB or Gbit. One gigabit equals 119.2 mebibytes. Gigabit is related to gibibit, which equals 230 bits. It proves useful in representing different classes of storage devices. There is a difference of seven percent between a billion bits and a gibibit.
Gigabyte	It is the typical term in use for measuring hard disk sizes. It is estimated to equal one billion bytes. In colloquial terms, it has an abbreviation of ‘gigs’. It is represented as GB. Hard drive sizes are normally in measurements of gigabytes. The Giga prefix in Gigabyte comes from the Greek word meaning ‘Giant’.
Gigahertz	Gigahertz is the standard measurement unit for measuring computer-processing speeds. It is also used for measuring the speed of different computer components. This unit of measurement has been in use since the year 2000. Hertz or Hz is the SI base unit of frequency. It typically refers to a complete cycle per second. Gigahertz refers to 109 Hz.
H back to A-Z index
Hard Drive	Hard drive is the short term for hard disk drive. It refers to the storage place of your data within your computer. As data within hard disk is stored magnetically, it remains on the drive even after power is switched off. All data on hard disk remains in a digital format encoded on fast rotating platters having magnetic surfaces.
Hardware	Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer and its associated devices. Hardware could be internal and external. External hardware constitutes printer, monitor, scanner, mouse, and keyboard. They are popular as peripherals. Internal hardware constitutes hard drives, motherboards, and RAM. These are also known as components. All software on your computer has specific minimum hardware requirements for its efficient functioning.
HD Audio	It stands for high definition audio. Intel released a high definition audio that delivers more channels and at higher quality than other predecessor audio systems. Hardware supporting Intel high definition can offer 192 kHz/32 bit quality for two channels and 96 kHz/32 bit for up to eight channels. Microsoft's Windows Vista, Linux, NetBSD, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and OpenBSD operating systems support Intel high definition audio.
HD DVD	It stands for high definition DVD. This is a high-density optical disc format useful for storing high definition video and data. HD DVD has similar technologies as the standard DVD. However, HD DVD can store 3½ times more data than the earlier ones. HD DVD can approximately store 17 GB in each layer. The main competitor of HD DVD is Blu-ray Disc format.
HDD	This stands for hard disk drive. This is a non-volatile storage device. It stores data in a digital format on magnetic strips across platters. It is a typical sealed unit with fixed media. Presently HDD are also in use in digital audio players, digital video recorders, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, and video game consoles.
HDMI	This stands for high definition multimedia interface. It is a digital interface for transmission of audio and video data over a single cable. HDMI supporting components include video game systems, cable boxes, DVD, and Blu-ray players. A single HDMI cable can transmit audio and video functions and thereby removes cable clutter. There is less signal noise or interference by other cables as it is a digital connection.
HDTV	This stands for high definition television. It offers a high definition resolution over standard definition video. Images depict more detail, better color vision, and are much finer than the previous formats. You need an HDTV-compatible television to view video images through HDTV. Digital HDTV Grand Alliance introduced HDTV in the United States in the early nineties.
Headphones	These are a pair of small loudspeakers and allow you to place them very close to your ears. These are also popular as earphones, headsets, stereo phones, or ear buds. You can use them with fixed equipments like personal computers, CD or DVD players, and home theaters. Sound engineers and disc jockeys also use headphones in live situations.
Headset	Headset is a combination of microphone and headphone useful for two-way communication as in telephone. Headsets prove useful for listening in public places without disturbing others. These are also useful in videogames with 3D positioning. It helps judge position of any offscreen sound source. Cordless headphones do not require any connections through wires. These use other technologies like Blue-tooth, FM, or Wi-Fi.
Heat Sync	This filters away heat from the CPU of your computer. Working of the CPU generates immense heat. Heat sync is made up of copper alloy or zinc metal and has a processor that draws away heat. Such sinks are available n different sizes to suit requirements of CPUs. Such sinks often have fans beneath to draw out hot air.
Hibernate	Normally, this is an involuntary function of operating system of computers. All RAM contents are written on a non-volatile storage medium like the hard disk before being powered off. You can restore the system later and everything starts working as if there was no hibernation. There should be as much free space as RAM on your hard disk for hibernation to take effect.
High Definition	High definition could be any high definition video or media interface. High definition video normally refers to a higher resolution video system. This is applicable in different definitions of video like HDCAM-SR, HDCAM, HDV, HDTV, HD-DVD, and Blu-ray. HDMI is high definition multimedia interface. This is a licensable audio/video connector interface for transmitting uncompressed digital streams.
Hinge	Hinge is a specific bearing that connects two solid objects allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. A hinge in a laptop computer has a mounting block and a support plate. Both have many threaded holes that connect to a supporting arm. They connect to the support arm through fasteners. This provides additional rigidity and strength to hinge mechanism.
Hitachi	Hitachi is a Japanese global company and one of the leading manufacturers of new technology. It started as an electrical repair shop in 1910 and presently is at number 371 in the 2007 Forbes Global 2000 list. Hitachi Works is the oldest member of Hitachi group. Hitachi Canadian Industries and Hitachi Cable are spin-off entities of Hitachi group.
Horizontal	This refers to the horizontal frequency rate and is commonly expressed in kilohertz. It describes the number of horizontal lines displayed per second. It is the most limiting factor of a CRT display. Refresh rate or vertical scan rate defines how many times electron beam moves from the top to the bottom or vice versa. This can be derived from the horizontal rate.
Hot Swap	This is the ability to remove and replace computer component while the system is in working mode. You can plug in or remove software without rebooting the system. The automatic recovery process helps in maintaining unrestricted operation even during plugging and de-plugging. It also indicates the system’s inert ability to detect autonomously when hardware is added or removed.
Hotspot	This place offers Wi-Fi access. You can use any suitable portable device like WiFi phone or laptop at this place and access the Internet. Most emerging Wi-Fi devices have this feature inherently. This is commonly available at schools, colleges, restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, universities, supermarkets, department stores, fuel stations, airports, and train stations.
Hover	Rolling cursor over a link on a Web page is hovering over the link. This changes the shape of your cursor from a pointer into a small hand. The link often changes color or becomes underlined while cursor hovers over it. While hovering, your cursor presses the link below to activate it. It also signifies movements over windows, icons, and other objects.
HP	This refers to Hewlett-Packard Company. This is an information technology corporation with headquarters at Palo Alto in California. This company specializes in notebook computers, network management software, personal computers, digital cameras, printers, calculators, personal computers, and various business products like ink cartridges. It presently has a global presence in software, computing, digital imaging, and printing spheres.
HTML	This stands for hypertext mark-up language. It is the main mark-up language for web pages. It describes the structure of text-based information in a document. It decodes each of the headings like paragraphs and lists with interactive forms, different objects, and other embedded images. It allows you to create web pages with a graphical interface.
HTS	This refers to high-throughput screening. This is a specific method of scientific experimentation. This is a relatively modern invention popularized through robotic and high-level computer technology. It requires an extensive screening laboratory for carrying out its operations. This screening system is very popular in topics dealing with chemistry and biology and specifically drug discovery. Research institutions often make use of available HTS labs rather than setting up one.
HTTP	This stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. This is a communication protocol used for transfer of information through World Wide Web or intranets. This is a protocol between a client and a user. All web site addresses start with ‘http’. When you type a URL into your web browser, it forwards a HTTP request to relevant web server. It then transfers your request to specific HTML page.
Hub	This is a specific hardware device that connects various computers together. It offers a central connection point in a network, which is primarily Ethernet-based. It is a form of multi-port repeater. It can forward a jam signal if there is any collision. Presently there are many low-priced network switches. These have made hubs obsolete. Yet, such hubs are available in specialized applications and older installations.
Hyper-Threading	This specific technique allows the processor to carry out two threads or two sets of instructions simultaneously. This technique is specifically in use in Intel Xeon processors and specific Pentium 4 processors. Recent versions of Linux and Windows offer supporting software for multiple processors and therefore benefit from hyper-threading. This technique improves processor performance under specific workloads.
I back to A-Z index
I/O	This stands for input/output. Computer CPU handles all input and output operations. It accesses the correct path for every input command and prescribes the specific output device that can handle the reply. Keyboard and mouse constitute input devices while monitor and printer are output devices. Network cards and modems can serve as both input and output.
IBM	This is abbreviation for International Business Machines Corporation. This is a multinational computer technology and consulting corporation with headquarters at New York. IBM started as Tabulating Machine Company in 1888. It manufactures and sells computer software and hardware. Additionally it offers consulting and hosting services for different mainframe computers to areas of nanotechnology. It is the largest information technology employer in the world.
IDE	This is abbreviation for Integrated Development Environment or Integrated Device Electronics. Integrated Development Environment offers easily operational software programs. It keeps track of all associated programs and provides a central interface. Integrated Device Electronics is one of the most popular hard drive interfaces. It can support hard drives with more than 250 GB data. It allows very fast transfer of data.
IM	This is abbreviation for Instant Message. It allows two people to communicate over the Internet. It is a very efficient way of communicating with your friends. AOL Instant Messenger and Live Messenger are two popular instant messaging clients. This software allows you to type back reply messages immediately. You can build up a list of friends and carry forth conversation sessions simultaneously.
Infrared	This is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light. Red is the color of visible light with the longest wavelength. Infrared radiations have wavelengths of between 750 nm and 1 mm. This imaging is in use in military applications, remote temperature sensing, weather forecasting, thermal efficiency analysis, and short-ranged wireless communication.
Infrastructure	It constitutes structural elements that provide the framework for supporting a complete structure. It offers support for the entire system, city, nation, or corporation. Infrastructure could therefore refer to public works, civil infrastructure, and software development tools. It has different meanings in different perspectives. Nevertheless, it largely refers to production of goods and services, utilities, roads, and airports.
Ink Cartridge	This is a replaceable part of an ink jet printer. It contains ink that spreads out on printed matter during the process of printing. Normally, every printer has two ink cartridges, one containing ink from each of the three primary colors, and the other containing black ink. Some cartridges are specifically for printing photographs.
Inkjet	It is the most common type of computer printer. Most popular inkjet printer manufacturers include Hewlett-Packard, Canon, Lexmark, and Epson. This printer offers easy usage, high output quality, low cost, and capacity to print in vivid colors. These printers have almost the same speed as that of laser printers. However, refilling ink cartridges proves to be a costly affair.
Input	This is any data entered into the computer in the form of data into a spreadsheet or a word document. Input could be simple acts like moving or clicking the mouse or complex acts like downloading photos from digital camera or scanning photos. Different input devices include keyboard, scanner, mouse, audio, and video devices, or digital camera.
Inspiron	This is a portable range of computers on offer from Dell. It normally refers to Dell's desktop systems. The earliest Inspiron machines include Inspiron XPS and Inspiron 9100. Both have similar features like hard-drives, RAM of DDR 400 MHz, wireless cards, graphics cards, and chassis. LCD Panel is the major differentiating factor between Inspiron XPS and Inspiron 9100.
Intel	It is the largest semi-conductor company in the world. Intel started as Integrated Electronics Corporation in 1968 founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. It is the inventor of x86 series of microprocessors. Additionally, it also makes embedded processors, graphic chips, network cards and ICs, motherboard chipsets, and other devices related to communications and computing.
Internet Explorer	It is the most widely used web browser presently. Windows Internet Explorer is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft. It was first released as an add-on package with Windows 95. The later Windows versions offered it as free downloads. An embedded OEM version is based on IE6 and is available for WinCE based platforms. The most recent release is version 7.0 available with Windows XP.
IP Address	This refers to Internet Protocol address. This is in simple terms the computer address. It consists of numbers separated by three dots. Different electronic devices use this address to identify and communicate with each other over a computer network. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority or IANA create and manage such addresses through Regional Internet Registries and other smaller Internet service providers.
iPhone	It is a multimedia and Internet-enabled mobile phone marketed and designed by Apple Inc. It has been named Time magazine's Invention of the Year in 2007. It has a multi-touch screen with buttons and keyboard. It offers different services that include portable media player, camera phone, and Internet services with e-mail, local Wi-Fi connectivity, web browsing, visual voicemail, and text messaging.
iPod	It is a specific brand of portable media player designed and marketed by Apple and launched in 2001. There have been many versions of iPod since then. These include iPod mini, iPod photo, iPod Special Edition, and iPod shuffle. iTunes software organizes and transfers songs and play lists to the iPod. It supports various audio formats like AAC, MP3, AIFF, and WAV.
ISDN	It stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. This is a data transfer technology. It offers faster transfer than a dial-up modem. It supports wide-bandwidth digital transmission over public telephone network with transfer rates of 64K or 128K of data per second. ISDN can offer voice, text, and video transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and group videoconferencing systems.
iTouch	It is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was unveiled on September 5, 2007. iTouch is the first generation of iPod line that offers wireless access to iTunes Store. It allows you to download tracks available in the iTunes music store. It comes with either 8 GB or 16 GB of flash memory. It includes Apple's web browser, Safari, and Wi-Fi.
iTunes	This is an audio playback program developed by Apple Computer. You can also play audio books and other similar recordings. It has a radio option that allows you to play Internet radio from different stations. Every file remains stored in your iTunes library. You can organize this library according to multiple play lists or according to your specific lists.
J back to A-Z index
Java	This is a programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. It is primarily object-oriented, concentrates around different classes, and not functions. This language is very efficient and easy to use because of which it is the most popular programming language in the present-day computing industry. This language is useful for programming applets, which are small programs embedded in web sites.
Joystick	This is an input device used for controlling video games. It has a base and a stick that can move in any direction. The flexible movements of a joystick offer greater control than a keyboard. These connect to your computer through a basic USB or serial port connection. It comes with proprietary software that allows you to assign functions to each button on the joystick.
JPEG	This stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. It offers a compressed file image format. Normally, JPEG images maintain most of the color and high resolution of the original images. However, if it is compressed extensively, graphics become very blocked and do not have any clarity. JPEG offers a cross platform, which means the file looks same on a PC and a Mac.
Junk Mail	This is same as spamming. It is an e-mail abuse. It sends unsolicited bulk messages indiscriminately. Although this term primarily hints at e-mail spam, in some cases it also refers to spam in blogs, instant messaging spam, Web search engine spam, wiki spam, Usenet newsgroup spam, Internet forum spam, mobile phone messaging spam, and junk fax transmissions.
K back to A-Z index
KBPS	This refers to Kilobits Per Second. This is a common term in data transfer speeds. Kbps is a unit of data transfer rate that is equal to 1,000 bits per second. It is the average number of bits, blocks, or characters that transfer between equipments in a data transmission system. Common modem speeds include 33.6 Kbps and 56 Kbps.
Key	Keyboard of a computer consists of an arrangement of various rectangular buttons, which are keys. Each key has a specific alphabet or character engraved on it. Pressing respective key delivers the corresponding symbol on your text. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to press two or more keys simultaneously or in specific sequence to get the desired output.
Keyboard	This is a board containing many keys. This is one of the main input devices of a computer. Normal keyboard design is QWERTY design. This is according to the first six letters on the upper left hand side of the keyboard. Although the original design of a keyboard is similar to that of a typewriter, it also includes additional keys offering more functions.
Kilobyte	This is an SI unit of information or computer storage. It is equal to either 1,000 bytes or 1,024 bytes (210) depending on the context. It has various abbreviations like KB, kB, K, and Kbyte. Most files stored on your computer are within 1024KB. However, if any image or file is beyond 1024KB, it gets measured in megabytes.
KVM Switch	This stands for Keyboard, Video, and Mouse switch. This switch allows you to use different computers with the same keyboard, video display, and mouse. It allows you to use eight computers at the same time. This switch is in common use by software programmers. It proves useful to them while alternating between computers with different operating systems.
L back to A-Z index
Laptop	It is a portable computer. It has a keyboard, screen, and a trackball or track pad that functions as the mouse. Normally laptops function on a battery as you cannot always plug on to work on your laptop. It therefore comes with a power adapter that allows you to charge laptop batteries from a power outlet when available.
Laptop Bag	This is a bag to keep the laptop within. Since laptops are normally for carrying with you wherever you go, laptop bag proves essential. There are different styles and sizes of laptop bags available. Ideally, it should be of the correct size and offer increased durability without any compromise on style. Waterproof laptop bag proves very beneficial.
Laser	This is an abbreviated term for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. This is an electronic-optical device that produces coherent radiation. It emits light in a narrow and low-divergence beam with specific wavelength. Laser is typically in use in spectroscopy, medical applications, and other military purposes because of their specific short pulse duration and defined wavelength.
LaserJet	This is the brand name of Hewlett-Packard for their dry electro-photographic laser printers. Earlier printers used controllers, firmware, and associated software. These laser jet marking engines were initially outsourced from Japanese firm, Canon. At that time, Canon was the sole manufacturer of laser jet printers. Presently, HP offers LaserJet 4000, which offers outsourced print-engine design work from Zoran Corporation.
Latitude	This is a specific brand of laptop on offer from Dell. This line of laptops has the same identical components throughout the production process. This provides simplified solutions and support tasks for various large corporations. These computers come with durable casings and internal metal frames that provide total protection to hard disk if dropped. Current Latitude series is the Latitude D-series.
LCD	This refers to Liquid Color Display. These super-thin displays are commonly in use in flat panel monitors and laptop computer screens. Increase or decrease of electric current influences the color substance of the screen. These screens use less power than screens of Cathode Ray monitors. Smaller LCDs are also available in PDAs, handheld TVs, and portable video game devices.
LCD Bezel	When LCD is mounted on rubber components to offer increased protection from shocks and vibrations, it is LCD Bezel. Bezel is the front cover of a desktop or tower computer case. The clear bezel provides extra protection. It is also in use in removable drives that have access from the front. Removable drive could have its own custom bezel.
Left Click	This refers to clicking on the left button of the mouse of a computer. The mouse has two main buttons, one on the left and the other on the right. Left clicking allows you to select specific screen options. It also helps reposition your cursor. Normally, you place the cursor on your required position before pressing on the left button or before left clicking.
Lenovo	This group is presently the fourth largest manufacturer of personal computers in the world. Lenovo produces desktop, laptop, handheld computers, servers, imaging equipment, and mobile phone handsets. The company also offers Internet access through FM365.com portal. It additionally offers information technology integration and support services. Lenovo purchased IBM’s PC Division in 2005 and changed it into a major international personal computer manufacturer.
License	License is a specific document that grants permission to do some specific work or use some specific software. The party granting the permission is licenser and party receiving the permission is licensee. Normally, license remains valid for a specific period of time and within specific territory. If you go beyond these territorial and time restrictions, you will not get any protection.
Lid Latch	This is a spring latch used for latching and unlatching laptop cover and laptop base. Laptop lid and base latch together when lid is closed. On unlatching, lid rotates to expose keyboard on the base and LCD panel on the lid. Spring latch with greater force would best suit the purpose of serving as a latch.
Linksys	Linksys is famous for broadband and wireless routers, Ethernet switching and VoIP equipment. Linksys is a division of Cisco systems and was originally founded in 1988. Cisco acquired Linksys in 2003. The most famous product of Linksys is WRT54G. Firmware is based on Linux operating system. Although WRT54G had a fast processor, firmware lacked the required high-end features.
Linux	This is a UNIX-based operating system created by Linus Torvalds. It offers free software and open-source development. Different computer multi-national corporations like Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Novell, Oracle Corporation, IBM, and Sun Microsystems support Linux operating system. This operating system is extremely customizable and much cheaper than others are. Linux supports various hardware platforms like DEC Alpha, PowerPC, Intel, Motorola, and Sun Sparc.
Lithium-Ion	This is a type of rechargeable batteries containing lithium ion. The ion moves between the anode and the cathode while charging. These batteries are most popular for use in consumer electronics, specifically portable electronics. These are different from lithium batteries as lithium batteries have a metallic lithium anode while lithium ion batteries have an anode where lithium is inserted.
Live Chat	This refers to a direct one-to-one chat or a chat between groups of people over the Internet. It could make use of different tools like computer programs; instant messaging applications, talkers, and Internet relay chat. Most Internet services offer live chat facilities free. However, there are few for-pay online chat providers, mostly by adult service providers.
Logic Board	The motherboard in an Apple Macintosh is popular as logic board. This logic board contains all the circuitry systems of a computer like RAM, processor, and others. Although this board was popular during the eighties, yet, Apple continued to offer upgrades of logic board in all the new models. The term continues to stay even in other computers.
Login	Login refers to the process of gaining access into the computer system. This process depends on an identification process. It ensures complete security of your details. Login serves as your identification within the computer system. It establishes your authentication for attempting to access any service over the computer. Login requires your name in a particular sequence and an established password.
Logitech	Logitech International is the leading producer of computer peripherals like keyboard, gaming console, webcam, wireless audio devices, audio devices for MP3, iPod, and mobile phones, mouse home and PC speakers. The registered office is in Apples, Switzerland and has marketing and sales offices across the world. Logitech is the main supplier of mouse and keyboards to computer corporations like HP, Apple Computer, Dell Computer, and others.
M back to A-Z index
MAC Address	This stands for Media Access Control Address. This is a hardware identification number, exclusive and separate for every device on a network. This address remains manufactured into every network card like Wi-Fi or Ethernet card and hence cannot be changed. This address is normally of six two-digit hexadecimal numbers, separated by colons. Most networks automatically recognize the address.
Mac OS	This is the operating system of Macintosh computers. This system has been around since introduction of the first Macintosh in 1984. Thereafter, there have been various upgrades and addition of various new features to the operating system. In 2001, Apple decided to revamp the entire operating system and write a new and fresh version. This was Mac OS.
Mac OS X	This is a user-friendly and advanced version of operating system from Apple. It is presently in use in Apple Macintosh computers. This system is the successor to Mac OS. There have been customized versions of Mac OS X for use in iPhone, Apple TV, and the iPod touch. These modified versions contain only whatever is necessary for that specific application.
Macbook	This is a line of Macintosh notebook computers by Apple Inc. The first one was released in 2006 and the latest update was released on November 1, 2007. The Macbook uses Core 2 Duo processor and the GM965 chipset with Intel's X3100 integrated graphics and 800 MHz front-side bus. The Macbook replaces iBook G4 series and the 12" PowerBook G4.
Macro	Macro refers to two different computer definitions. Macro could mean a keyboard shortcut. These shortcuts include closing a window, saving a file, copying and pasting data. Macro could also be a small computer program that automates simple tasks. Macro saves time by avoiding repetitive tasks. It helps automate such tasks and improves your efficiency on the computer.
Malware	This refers to malicious software. ‘Mal’ in Spanish means ‘bad’. It refers to software programs that are specifically designed to cause harm to your computer. Malware examples include Trojan horses, worms, viruses, and spyware. Different antivirus programs and anti-spyware utilities provide the necessary protection to all software and hardware on your computer. Install these to protect your computer.
Mbps	It refers to Megabits per second. A megabit is roughly one eighth of a megabyte. This is a measurement of data transfer speeds of high bandwidth connections like those of cable modems and Ethernet. A bit is a unit of binary number system. Bits in data communications come across as discrete signal pulses. These are counted in decimal number system.
Media Card Reader	This is a simple media device in your computer. This is capable of reading from your camera and can upload photos to your computer at a faster speed than your camera. Common media cards include Smart Media, Compact Flash, and Memory Stick. You should choose specific type of memory of your computer while selecting media card.
Megabyte	One megabyte is 2 to the 20th power, or 1,048,576 bytes. It is equivalent to 1,024 kilobytes. Normally, this unit of measurement best suits measuring huge computer files, similar to high-quality JPEG photo files. This term originated in 1970. The common abbreviation for Megabyte is Mbyte or MB. Megabyte just precedes Gigabyte unit of measurement.
Megahertz	One megahertz is equivalent to one million cycles per second. Hertz is the international SI unit of frequency. This unit of measurement is commonly used in measuring transmission speeds of electronic devices. It normally measures clock speed of the processor and cannot evaluate the overall performance of the CPU. Differences in readings can be due to differences in processor speeds.
Megapixel	This is equivalent to a million pixels. This unit of measurement normally describes resolution of digital cameras. A higher measurement or mega pixel number indicates your camera can capture detail. The mega pixel number is the product of vertical and horizontal pixels captured through your camera’s sensor. This unit of measurement proves easy in marketing digital cameras.
Microphone	Microphone is a sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are commonly used in different applications like tape recorders, telephones, motion picture production, hearing aids, radio and television broadcasting, live and recorded audio engineering, and in computers for recording voice, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes like ultrasonic checking. Many microphones are simultaneously in use in audio engineering to get the best result.
Microsoft	Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation with headquarters at Washington in USA. It manufactures, develops, licenses, and supports various software products for computing devices. Microsoft Office and Microsoft Windows operating system are its two most important products and these record huge sales. It also markets different hardware products and home entertainment products.
Microsoft Office	This is an office operating software from Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS X operating systems. The initial Microsoft Office version consisted of Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Later versions included Microsoft Access, Schedule Plus, Microsoft Visual Basic, and OLE data integration. Most recent versions include Office 2007 and Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac for release in January 2008.
MIDI	This stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. It is a type of connectivity medium for establishing interconnection between different musical instruments like synthesizers, keyboards, and computer equipment. This connectivity medium proves easy for music composers to create and edit digital music tracks. It helps transmit digital data like pitch and intensity of musical notes and control signals like that for volume.
Mini DV	Digital camcorders record video and audio on Mini DV tape. DV refers to digital video format and Mini DV is a smaller tape. This tape is presently the standard format in home and semi-professional video production. It is sometimes used for electronic newsgathering and filmmaking. These tapes are useful in recording high definition formats as in HDV cameras.
Mini Tower	Mini Tower is the enclosure or cover that contains all the important components of a computer. It is also popular as box, computer chassis, cabinet, housing, or a case. This is normally made of steel, aluminum, or plastic. In some cases, it is also made of wood or Plexiglas. Shape and size of the computer determines the size of your mini tower.
Modem	This is a short form of Modulator or Demodulator. This is an external or internal communication device of your computer that allows connection between computers and transfer of data through telephone. The recent modems include cable and DSL modems. These are overshadowing the original dial-up modems because of their slow speed. Radio modems offer fast transmissions in telecommunications.
Monitor	This is same as computer display or computer screen. Monitor displays all programs and the user interface. It allows easy user interaction through keyboard and mouse. Modern monitors use LCD technology and have flat and thin screens. These occupy less space. Monitor could also mean administering software programs, CPU performance, RAM, and hard disk usage.
Motherboard	This is the main circuit board of your computer. It is the same as logic board or main board. This houses all the important components of your computer like ROM, CPU, PCI slots, memory expansion slots, USB ports, serial ports, and controllers for DVD drive, hard drive, keyboard, and mouse. In short, the motherboard coordinates and controls all functions in a computer.
Mount	This is the process of making ready a file system of your computer for use by the operating system. This is possible through reading of specific index structures from storage and memory centers of the computer. Modern distribution systems offer automatic mounting of CD drive. Mounting in UNIX terminology is the same as mapping in Microsoft terminology.
Mouse	It is one of the important input devices of a computer. Normally, mouse has two or three buttons. The two buttons on the sides are the left and right button. The middle button is normally the scroll button. The most recent mouse works through optical technology. A beam of light tracks action of your mouse. This mouse offers better efficiency.
Mozilla	This is the original name of Mozilla Application Suite. It is presently popular as SeaMonkey suite. This was originally the codename for Netscape Navigator web browser and Mascot for Netscape. This word is used in different combinations with various phrases to express Netscape Communications Corporation and its related application software. This corporation and software is presently defunct.
MP3	It stands for MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3. This is a very popular form of compressed audio file format. Although its size is just one-tenth of the size of original audio, the sound quality is superb and similar to CD. Various web sites store numerous archives in MP3 file format. You can use an MP3 player to listen to files on MP3.
MPEG	This refers to Moving Picture Experts Group. This sets standards for digital audio and video compression interacting with International Organization for Standardization or ISO. This also refers to a type of multimedia file having extensions like .mpg or .mpeg. These files are compressed to include video and audio files. Nevertheless, compression does not cause any compromise on quality.
Multiburner	This device can read and write different operations with multiple types of recordable media. These recordable media should be in CD or DVD formats. Read formats include CD-R, CD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD+R, DVD+RW. Write formats include CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW, and DVD-RAM. This device, manufactured by IBM, also supports different recordable DVD formats endorsed by DVD Forum and DVD+RW Alliance.
Multifunction	This refers to various functions taking place simultaneously. A multifunctional device is an office machine that offers centralized production, distribution, and management functions. It could be a combination of different devices like scanner, printer, e-mail, fax, media card reader, and photocopier. Input to a multifunctional device is from different nodal sources like fax through telephone and documents sent through Ethernet port.
Multimedia	It is an integration of various forms of media like graphics, text, audio, and video. CDs and DVDs are typical formats of multimedia. These help overcome shortage of space. Most educational software includes different text, animations, and sound. This is a perfect example of multimedia software. You can also record or present live multimedia presentations.
Multitouch	This is an interaction technique with human touch and hardware devices. This consists of a touch screen, also known as touch pad or touch-tablet, which recognizes multiple simultaneous touch points. It offers suitable software to interpret such touch and translate them into relevant actions. Apple tried registering the word multi-touch in 2007 as a trademark with its iPhone.
N back to A-Z index
Netscape	This is Netscape Communications Corporation, an American computer services company, famous for its web browser. It however lost its user share to Internet Explorer. Between 1995 and 2003, Netscape functioned as a subsidiary of AOL. Although AOL still uses its services, it has been recently announced that AOL would stop supporting Netscape software products from February 1, 2008.
Network	This refers to two or more connected computers. This helps in easy sharing of information and files. Computers support networking through Ethernet cables, phone lines, or wireless networking cards. These help send and receive data. Network classification is according to specific reference models or standards like Internet Protocol Suite model, seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection model, or Internet Protocol Suite model.
Network Card	This is a computer hardware that offers communication over a computer network. It is the same as LAN Adapter, network adapter, Ethernet, or network interface card. It constitutes a physical layer and a data link layer. Every Ethernet network card has a unique 48-bit serial number. This is a unique MAC address and remains stored in ROM carried on the card.
New Open Box	This refers to products having a broken factory seal. The inside contents carry products with complete factory seals and full manufacturer warranty. Breaking of the outside seal is due to mishandling during transportation from warehouse to warehouse or a canceled order. These open-box items could have been opened and returned by customers. Hence, they may not have the essential thorough packaging. Nevertheless, products remain in a new condition.
Newbie	This term identifies a new entrant into a group or a new person. It is slang for a newcomer into a competitive game or similar activity. It also refers to new people in an organization or workplace. This term has many variants in spellings. However, these variations in spellings are normally for people who act or play like a newbie but are essentially not so.
NIC	This stands for Network Interface Card. This is a circuit card installed in a computer to offer connectivity to a network. Personal computers within a local area network use Ethernet or token ring specifically for LAN transmission technology. It has two layers, layer 1 and layer 2. This provides physical access to networking medium through a low-level addressing system and use of MAC addresses.
Nickel Cadmium	This is a type of rechargeable battery using metallic cadmium and nickel oxide hydroxide as electrodes. It has an abbreviation of NiCd batteries. It offers good charging efficiency, noncritical charging conditions, low internal resistance, and lower weight for a given quantity of stored energy. It is in common use in emergency lighting, cordless and wireless telephones, and various power tools.
Nickel Metal Hydride	This is a type of rechargeable battery using a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for negative electrode. The positive electrode is nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH). This battery has greater capacity than NiCd battery. However, the self-discharge level and volumetric energy density is lower than lithium-ion battery. It is used in consumer electronics, flashlights, digital cameras, and all-electric plug-in vehicles.
Notebook	It is a book made of paper, easily erasable, vellum and various transparent, or highly durable polymeric materials. It comes with different surfaces, weights, sizes, and other preprinted or graphic covering material. The transportability determines its usage about whether it is a pocketsize, briefcase size, or portfolio size. Further, inconveniences caused like rigidity, sharp edges, and discomfort play an important role.
Notebook Parts	Modern laptops or notebooks have small internal hard disks, a PC Card or Express Card, twelve inch or larger active matrix displays with 1024×768 pixels resolutions and above. It houses integrated video and audio chips and dedicated graphics processors. Laptop processors are available from Intel and AMD. They have lithium ion or lithium polymer batteries, docking stations, and an external AC converter. Touchpad or pointing stick functions as a cursor.
NTFS	This is the standard file system of Windows NT and later versions like Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Vista. All file data within NTFS remains as metadata. It allows any sequence of short values and does not restrict to those in the Unicode standard. It offers increased reliability than those through FAT file systems.
Nvidia	This is an American multinational corporation with headquarters in California. It manufactures graphics processor technologies for desktop computers, workstations, and handheld devices. It is an important supplier of graphics processing units, motherboard chipsets, and game consoles. It has been named Company of the Year for 2007 by Forbes magazine for its achievements not only during 2007 but also during the preceding five-year period.
O back to A-Z index
OEM	This is abbreviation for Original equipment manufacturer. IBM formed this term in the fifties. This term is commonly in use in containment based re-branding. Here one company uses components made of another company in its product or sells products of other company under its own brand. OEM then refers to the original manufacturer of the component or product.
Off-Lease	This refers to specific products used by businesses or persons for specific decided period. At the end of the period, these products undergo tests to check their present functionality. Thereafter, they become ready for resale. Off-lease laptops are either sold or returned to leasing agent. Normally, such laptops have many problems like high cost of repairs, unable to run recent versions of different programs, or become slow and unreliable.
Open Box	Items under open box refer to specific products sold at a discount by the manufacturer. These products are essentially returned products, although they are not defective. The causes for return could be minor like user manual missing, incorrect order, cosmetic flaws, or duplication of products. These products continue to enjoy complete and full manufacturer’s warranty.
Operating System	This software ensures sharing of resources within a computer allowing users to operate programs through the interface. Operating system or OS performs basic jobs like controlling input and output devices, prioritizing system requests, controlling and allocating memory, facilitating networking and managing file systems. Common operating system in laptops and desktops is Microsoft Windows. Others include UNIX, Linux, FreeBSD, and Mac OS X.
Optical Drive	This disk drive uses electromagnetic waves or laser light as a part of reading and writing data processes. Some drives can only read from discs while most drives can read and record. Recorders are popular as writers or burners. Some drives support Hewlett-Packard's Light Scribe photo thermal printing technology. This is used for labeling specially coated discs.
Oscilloscope	This electronic test equipment allows viewing of signal voltages through a two-dimensional graph. Electrical potential differences are plotted on the vertical axis while time or other voltage is plotted on the horizontal axis. It is box-shaped and has a display screen, many control knobs, input connectors, and buttons at the front. It is same as cathode-ray oscilloscope and popular abbreviations include O-scope and CRO.
Output	Data produced by a computer is output. This is in response to the inputs. Output data could be result of mathematical calculations, printing of documents, or similar programs produced by the computer. Results delivered through functions and processes of search engines constitute an output. Common output devices include computer monitor, printer, and computer speakers.
Overclocking	This is making any of your computer components to work at a higher clock rate than the originate clock rate it has been designed for. This increases performance levels of your computer. It is common to over clock-outdated components to make them function at working speeds of present day components. However, this technique can cause serious problems as you meddle with the manufacturer’s specifications.
P back to A-Z index
Packet	This refers to any computer data sent over a network. All data received through the Internet come in the form of small packets. Every packet carries address of its origin and destination. Packets from different lines can pass through the same lines. Sending data in the form of packets over long distances improves efficiency and increases reliability.
Palm Pilot	This is a set of PDA devices produced by Palm Inc and launched in March 1997. It includes Palm Pilot Personal and Palm Pilot Professional. It has 512 KB built-in memory in Personal and 1024 KB built-in memory in Professional. It uses Motorola 68328 processor at 16 MHz. It comes in a plastic casing and weighs 160 grams.
Palm Rest	A palm rest is specifically designed to offer an elevated surface to rest hands and arms during inactive stretches while working at your computer. This rest prevents any bending of wrists while on the keyboard. However, palm rests is ideally for resting your wrists and hands and not for placing your hands on them while working on your keyboard.
Parallel Port	This interface connects different peripherals of your computer. The IEEE 1284 standard defines bidirectional version of the port. It is the same as Centronics port or printer port. Presently, most computers use Ethernet connection. Laptops access parallel port through a docking station and specific adapters for accessing USB ports. Most computer manufacturers do not create parallel port as a cost-saving measure.
Partition	This is a part of the hard disk. Formatting of hard disk allows you to choose the number of partitions you require in your hard disk. Each partition appears as a separate disk and will be seen on the desktop under ‘My Computer’. Creation of partitions helps you function with multiple operating systems. This improves efficiency of your computer.
Password	A password is a string of characters that authenticate user on the computer system. You need a valid username and password to log into your account on the computer. Passwords are private and confidential for each user. Passwords constitute different characters like numbers, letters, and symbols. However, spaces are not recognized in passwords. Combination of alphabets and numbers constitute a secure password.
PC2100	This is a specific class of data memory integrated circuit used in computers. This is same as DDR SDRAM or double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory. This offers better and greater bandwidth through transfer of data on rising and falling edges of clock signal. Data transfer rates increase and improve without any increase in the frequency of the bus.
PC2700	This is a type of DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) with an effective speed of 333MHz. The DDR SDRAM normally runs at 166MHz but has been double-pumped to deliver higher transfer rate. The maximum data transfer rate is 2.7GB/second. Double Data Rate SDRAM memory technology offers higher performance. It can perform two data read and write operations within a single clock cycle.
PC3200	This is a type of DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) with an effective speed of 400MHz. The data transfer rate is 3.2GB/second in a single 64-bit channel. This transfer rate gives the PC its name. DDR SDRAM or double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory delivers greater bandwidth within single data transfer. This increase in transfer rate is without any increase in frequency of memory bus.
PC4200	DDR and DDR2 memory at the same clock speed offer the same bandwidth. However, latency rate is higher in DDR2, which affects performance levels. PC4200 or PC2-4200 has DDR2 SDRAM with a single locating notch and 240 pins. The peak transfer capacity ideally identifies the bandwidth or data transfer rates. It has a peak transfer rate of 4266 MB/s with 533 Million data transfers per second.
PC5300	DDR2 SDRAM is double-data-rate two synchronous dynamic random access memory. This is a specific random access memory technology. It is primarily in use for high-speed storage of working data of a computer. PC5300 with standard name of DDR2-667 offers data transfers of 667 Million per second. Peak transfer rate is 5333 MB/s. The memory clock functions at 166 MHz with bus clock at 333 MHz.
PCI Express	This is a computer expansion card interface format. It has an abbreviation of PCI-E or PCIe. Intel introduced this card in 2004. PCI slots are in different sizes according to the lanes they support. Although a smaller card can be used in a bigger slot, a bigger card cannot fit into a smaller slot.
PCMCIA	This is abbreviation for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. This association decides and sets standards for promotion of PC card. There are three types of PCMCIA cards. These rectangular cards are of different widths like Type I, Type II, and Type III. You can insert or take off PC cards while working on the computer. There is no need to switch off or switch on your computer.
PDA	This refers to Personal Digital Assistant. These are handheld computers. They are same as palmtop computers. The first PDA was released in 1993 and the newer versions have color screens and audio capabilities. You can use them as mobile phones, portable media players, or web browsers. You can use PDAs to play games, organize your schedules, do math calculations, and surf the Internet or send e-mail.
Peripheral	This refers to any external device that provides output and input for the computer. Monitor and printer are output peripherals while keyboard and mouse are input peripherals. Peripheral increases the abilities of a computer. It also includes devices like printers, joysticks, and scanners. These can be attached to your computer externally to increase its efficiency.
Ping	Ping is a test that checks if a specific system on the Internet is working or not. Pinging different computers helps remove any obstacles in the path of easy and uninterrupted data transfer. Mike Muuss was the first to write this program in 1983. There are many shareware Ping programs. These offer continuous Internet connectivity.
Planar Card	This is a printed circuit board used in desktop computers and laptops. It is the same as PC motherboard or main board. It provides attachment points for graphics card, CPU, sound card, memory or RAM, hard disk controller, and external peripheral devices. Normally, these connectors are color coded according to PC 99 specification. The chipset on a motherboard determines its capability.
PMU	This refers to Power Management Unit. This is an integrated circuit or microcontroller, which controls power functions of Macintosh computers. It has many parts like software, memory, firmware, and CPU. Its primary functions include managing real time clock, system resets for different commands, and maintaining parameter random access memory. If PMU does not function properly, it can be reset easily.
Podcast	This is a combination of broadcast and iPod. This refers to audio and video broadcasts that can be played on an iPod. You can listen to these broadcasts by downloading and using Apple iTunes. News organizations like CNN offer podcasts of their news stories. After downloading, files remain saved in iTunes Library. You can transfer it to an iPod. This allows you to listen and watch podcasts while on the move.
Pointer	This is a programming language data. Its value directly refers to another value. This value remains stored in the computer memory at a specific address. Pointer identifies the value through its address. It offers a simple technique of reference data. Obtaining the value indicated through the pointer is dereferencing. Pointer helps manage data structures like queues, trees, and lists.
Port Replicator	This provides an easy solution to plug-in a portable laptop computer to common computer peripherals. This helps laptop to be used as a desktop computer. At the same time, you can continue to benefit from the portability function of a laptop. Port replicator offers minimum plug-in points while docking station offers a wide range of choices.
Power Adapter	This is an external power supply for the laptop. It is the same as AC adapter. It converts AC current into DC current through a rectifier. It also has a transformer for voltage conversion. The black power adapter is a small box. Yet, it is bulky and therefore it could prove difficult to plug-in at times.
Power Brick	This is a transformer used with a battery pack to provide external power supply to a notebook or laptop computer. This power brick essentially converts AC voltage into DC voltage. Although batteries supply necessary DC voltage, power bricks prove helpful for use with batteries. Power bricks are not interchangeable among different portable devices as there is no single industry standard for them.
Power Cord	Power Cord is a cord or cable that offers temporary electrical connection to an electrical appliance. Power cords with 110 V mains supply proves heavier than other main cables. This is because of the high current necessary to deliver the same wattage in comparison to 230V. Power cables may be either fixed or detachable. Use of an incorrect power cord can be dangerous.
Power Strip	This is a strip of sockets attached to the end of a flexible cable. This allows for plugging in of multiple devices. Power strip is the same as power board, plug bar, gang plug, multibox, distribution board, or relocatable power tap. It proves useful for connecting and using different electrical devices in close proximity like audio and video systems with the computer.
Power Supply	A computer power supply converts 110 to 240 V AC power from the main power supply. It supplies to low voltage DC power outputs to different internal components of the computer. Computer power supplies need to confirm to ATX form factor. Incorporated circuitry of power supplies helps regulate and control the output voltage and power supply at specific value.
Power USB	USB refers to Universal Serial Bus. Power USB is the serial bus standard necessary for connecting peripherals to different devices through use of standardized interface socket with easy plugging and de-plugging facilities. This is a popular way of connecting computer peripherals. It does not cause any disconnection or initiate rebooting of your computer. There is no need for installing individual device drivers.
PowerBook	Apple Computer, Inc. designed, manufactured, and sold a line of Macintosh laptop computers known as PowerBook. This was from 1991 to 2006. Later replacements to PowerBook are MacBook and MacBook Pro. There were many revisions and redesigning of PowerBooks during its lifetime. It also received many awards like Laptop of the Year and Industrial Design Excellence Awards "Gold" status.
Precision	This indicates the position where an inexact result can be rounded. It describes the number of digits used to express that specific value. The fractional digits in a number assume greater importance while dealing in engineering and financial applications. The figure should normally have only as many digits as can be measured within the given parameters.
Printer	Printer is an essential computer peripheral. The computer printer helps bring out a hard copy of documents stored in electronic form. This hard copy is normally on paper. Some printers have built-in network interfaces through Ethernet or wireless. These help serve as printers for any user on the network. Some modern printers can also connect directly to electronic media interfaces like memory cards, memory sticks, scanners, and digital cameras.
Processor	This is the main functioning unit of a computer and is ideally called the heart of the computer. The most popular microprocessor in PCs is the Intel Pentium chip. Macintosh computers use PowerPC chip developed by Motorola, IBM, and Apple. Computer processor speed is measured in megahertz or cycles per second. Higher megahertz does not signify better performance. Other factors like available memory, processor efficiency, and available software dictate performance levels of your computer.
Progressive Scan	Progressive scan is used for scanning and storing film-based material on DVDs. This scan is useful for cathode ray tube (CRT) computer monitors, LCD computer monitors, and other progressive display resolutions. This is a systematic method of storing, displaying, and transmitting moving images available in sequence. This system was initially popular as sequential scanning.
Protégé	This is a knowledge acquisition system. This is a specific framework in Java language. Most domain experts and system developers use this integrated software tool to develop knowledge-based systems. It allows easy access of knowledge bases from different knowledge representation systems. It uses a uniform Graphical User Interface for compact and complete presentation of facts.
PS/2	This provides connection between a keyboard and mouse to PC compatible computer system. PS/2 ports are presently available in desktop computer motherboards. Nevertheless, most modern versions do not have PS/2-ports. The name PS/2 comes from IBM Personal System/2 series of personal computers introduced in 1987. Wrong connections to different ports can cause serious damage to your computer.
Q back to A-Z index
Qosmio	This is Toshiba's high-end desktop replacement laptops. Toshiba Qosmio G35-AV650 is the first production notebook with an HD-DVD compatible drive. It is backward compatible. Hence, you can burn and read CDs and DVDs. Qosmio functions as a DVR as it has an integrated TV tuner. It also offers external audio and video controls for one touch recording.
QWERTY	This is the most common keyboard layout on English language computer. It refers to the name of the first six letters on the top left-side row of a keyboard. Christopher Sholes designed and patented this format in 1874 and it thereafter became popular on typewriters and computers. Although Christopher initially designed all letters alphabetically, this system proved more useful.
R back to A-Z index
RAID	This stands for Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks, Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Drives, and Redundant Arrays of Independent Drives. This term signifies that computer data storage schemes divide and replicate data within multiple hard disk drives. It has three major components like mirroring, striping, and error correction. Mirroring is copying of data to more than one disk, striping is splitting of data across more than one disk, and error correction allows problems to be detected and fixed.
Rails	This is a free web application framework to increase speed in creating database-driven web sites. This is in Ruby programming language. David Heinemeier Hansson created and released it to public in 2004. Apple shipped it with Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard in late 2007. It uses Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture for organizing application programming. Helpful development tools for use with Rails include Rake build system and WEBrick web server.
RAM	This refers to Random Access Memory. It consists of small memory chips connected to the motherboard. These memory chips get loaded into RAM from the hard drive every time you start a program. This is predominantly because reading data from RAM is many times faster than reading from the hard drive. There is no lag time. RAM helps upgrade your CPU.
RAR	Eugene Roshal developed this proprietary file format for data compression and archiving. It has a filename of .rar. The speed of compression in RAR is much less in comparison to other early compression algorithms of ZIP and gzip. Other smaller files within an RAR-archive carry filenames like .r00, .r01, .r02, and similar more. Shareware versions of RAR include WinRAR, Mac OS X, Linux, DOS, OS/2, and FreeBSD.
Receiver	Receiver refers to the receiving end of a communication channel. It receives and helps decode messages. Normally, digital media receivers connect home theater system to a computer network. This connection is through Ethernet or wireless cables. Different media hubs handle differently, some handle only music while some handle video, music, and pictures. Some require connection to an output system like stereo system or television.
Reconditioned	Reconditioned means machines or goods available at retail outlets with huge discounts. These machines had been returned to the manufacturer due to some problem. After setting right the problems, manufacturer offers this machine at substantially discounted rates. Nevertheless, the machine carries full warranty of the manufacturer. Such models often deliver good deals and prove to be good savings.
Refresh Rate	Refresh rate is the rate at which the screen of your monitor is redrawn in a second. Refresh rates are measured in Hertz. Common refresh rates include 60, 75, and 85 Hz while in some cases it could be 100Hz. A high refresh rate means there will be less flickering of image. Very low refresh rate could strain your eyes.
Refurbished	These laptops have minor manufacturing defects and therefore undergo a complete remanufacturing process. Refurbished laptops are available at heavily discounted and slashed prices. This helps customers purchase branded laptops with latest versions at unbelievably low process. Refurbished laptops offer all standard specifications like battery, AC adapter, and preloaded operating system. You can include more drives, upgraded memory, and other accessories at additional costs.
Registry	Microsoft Windows uses this database to store configuration information about software installed on the computer. Information includes program settings, desktop background, and file extension associations. Any changes are reflected and stored in the registry. Registry attempts to clean up different program INI files scattered within the system. Scattering of files made it difficult to locate them in times of need.
Remote	Remote is an electronic device that helps in remote operation of a machine. Remotes use a near infrared diode to release a beam of light invisible to the naked eye. This light carries signals that are recognizable by the machine. This signal triggers the respective function. Remotes have many other names like magic hand, channel-changer, clicker, and similar more.
Remote Access	This indicates your ability to access your computer from any remote location. This access is possible only if your remote machine and the local machine have specific remote client software. Further, relevant username and password is necessary for authentication of connecting user. This is very beneficial for people working away from home and for server administrators to make frequent changes and modifications.
Repeater	Repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it to higher levels. Signals travel over long distances without any obstructions or degradations. These are primarily in use in transcontinental and transoceanic cables. Repeaters are prevalent in fiber optics carrying light and copper-wire cables carrying electrical signals. Repeaters are used in radio and telecommunication services.
Resistor	This is a two-terminal electronic or electrical component. It forms an integral part of electronic circuits and electrical networks. It opposes electric current by producing a voltage drop between terminals. Ohmmeter or multimeter tests value of a resistor. Most resistors have a pattern of colored stripes. Cases are normally brown, green, or blue. Surface-mount resistors are marked numerically.
Resolution	This term indicates the number of pixels in a monitor or the finesse of a printer. Small monitors have resolutions of 640 x 480 while other bigger monitors have resolutions of 800 x 600, 1,024 x 768, and 1,280 x 1,024. A higher resolution means more can be displayed on the monitor screen. Printer resolution indicates the clarity of the print.
Restore Disk	Restore Disk is a CD or floppy disk that enables computer to restore to its original settings. This is same as recovery disk. Often this is not available as a disk. Instead, it remains hidden within a specific partition of your hard disk. Some computer manufacturers offer a separate CD or DVD so that you can reinstall your system in case of a crash.
Restore Media	This is a special service offered by Dell in the form of a CD or DVD. This provides you with a copy of the image currently being installed by their Image/Software Factory Integration service. This enables easy recovery of delivery state of the image at your site. This special service is available with Dell OptiPlex™, Latitude™, and Precision™ systems.
RGB	This refers to Red Green Blue. These are the three main color hues that mix and form other colors. If each hue is set to zero intensity, the result is black and mixing the highest intensities of each color delivers while color. The different colorful images on television screens and computer monitors are due to this effect.
Right Click	Every computer mouse has two buttons. Pressing on the right side button delivers the right click. This button is used less in comparison to the left mouse button. This button is commonly used to open contextual menus. This click opens different options like Change Desktop Background or Change View Options. Sometimes a right click performs functions like Open and Properties.
RJ-11	This is a physical interface used for terminating telephone wires. This is normally a 6P4C jack with four wires running to a central junction box. It uses two of its six possible contact positions to connect tip and ring. Extra wires are for other purposes like low voltage for a dial light, a ground for selective ringers, and similar more. Connectors give better flexibility.
RJ-45	This refers to Registered Jack-45. This is an eight-wire connector. It is normally used to connect computers to local area networks especially Ethernet cables. These connectors are normally much wider than other connectors are. These are commonly used in terminal servers with many ports. They are not normally found in computers or similar serial equipments. RJ-45 defines arrangement of different wires while attaching connectors to a cable.
ROM	This refers to Read-Only Memory. This contains hardwired instructions your computer uses while booting. It is before loading of system software. Normally instructions remain within BIOS region of ROM. BIOS refers to Basic Input/Output System. Normally, ROM remains permanently within the system. Now, modern types like EPROM and flash EEPROM allow erasing and reprogramming of data many times.
Router	This hardware device routes data from a local area network to another network connection. Hardware and software of routers normally have the common tasks of forwarding and routing. They have a specialized operating system like Cisco's IOS or Juniper Networks JUNOS. Routers operate in two different planes. These are control plane and forwarding plane. It allows connection between authorized machines only.
RSS	This refers to RDF Site Summary, which is commonly referred to as Really Simple Syndication. This is a method of providing website content in a standard XML format. RSS directories help in distributing news and information over the Internet. RSS-enabled Web browser or specific programs designed for retrieving RSS feeds can help access RSS content.
S back to A-Z index
S-Video	This is abbreviation for separate video. It is an analog video signal that carries video data as two separate signals of brightness and color. It carries 480i or 576i resolution video. It uses three-line component video cables. However, it does not carry any audio on the same cable. The 4-pin mini-DIN connector is the most common type of S-Video connector.
Safari	This is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. It was first released in 2003 as the default browser in Mac OS X v10.3. A later version was for use in Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows Vista. The web search box uses Google on the Mac platform and either Google or Yahoo! on Windows operating system.
Safe Mode	This is a specific mode of operating systems like Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other complex electronic devices. Disk corruption or poor quality software may prompt a system to boot in safe mode only. An operating system in this mode has reduced functionality as many non-core components are disabled. However, this mode makes it easy to identify problems. This mode is primarily for maintenance.
Samsung	This is South Korea's largest conglomerate and ranks among one of the largest multibillion-dollar corporations in the world. It has numerous multinational businesses under its brand. The present Chairman is Lee Kun-Hee, the third son of Lee Byung-Chul, the original founder. The company has powerful influence on the economy, politics, culture, and media of the country.
SATA	This refers to Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. It is an interface to connect ATA hard drives to a computer's motherboard. It offers fast transfer rates starting at 150MBps. It has its own buses and therefore does not have any competition for bandwidth. SATA cables are thinner and smaller. This allows better airflow. SATA devices have less electromagnetic interference.
Satellite	Toshiba Satellite offers an exclusive line of consumer-grade notebook computers. It includes various models ranging from entry-level models to full-fledged Media center class notebooks. All new Toshiba Satellite models have preinstalled Windows operating system. They offer Tru Brite technology, widescreens, and Intel Celeron M processor. They have a low battery capacity. They offer a manufacturer warranty of a year.
Scan	This refers to converting text and graphic paper documents, photographic paper, photographic film, or other files to digital images. This proves essential for viewing electronic files. Scanning process is more efficient through specific document scanners manufactured by Canon, Fujitsu, Epson, Kodak, HP, Böwe Bell & Howell, and others. Sophisticated scanners have specific software that cleans up scans of text as they are produced and eliminates accidental marks.
Scanner	Scanner is a device that analyzes handwriting, images, printed text, or an object and converts it to a digital image. The flatbed scanner is the most common scanner. Other scanners are variations of this scanner. Rotary scanner is useful for high-speed document scanning. Drum scanner uses a CCD array instead of a photomultiplier. Digital camera scanners are currently replacing all other scanners due to their portability and speed.
Screen	This is a display device for presentation of information. If input information is displayed as an electrical signal, it is electronic display. Various flat screen displays include plasma display (PDP), liquid crystal display (LCD), and Digital Light Processing (DLP). Flat panel displays enable video displays, which are of a better quality than traditional video display.
Screenshot	It is a digital image of the visible items displayed on the monitor taken by the computer. It can also be on any other visual output device like video or camera. It highlights specific program or any particular problem of the computer that requires attention. It is the same as screen dump or screen capture. It is essential for application software and games, specifically for downloading graphical software.
Scroll Bar	This is a graphical widget in a GUI. Scroll bar allows continuous scrolling of text or pictures including time in video applications. Scroll bars can be seen as a computer representation of a thumb. This allows you to go through many pages of documents. A scroll bar is and works differently from a slider.
SDRAM	It refers to Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. It can retrieve data from two alternate sets of memory. It helps overcome any delay due to shutting down of any one-memory address. The memory is synchronized with the speed of the CPU. The unit of measurement for SDRAM is Megahertz. This makes it easy to compare the speed with CPU speed.
Seagate	It is an important American manufacturer of hard drives, founded in 1979. The company headquarters is in California. It is the world’s largest hard disk manufacturer. It is the oldest independent hard disk maker still in operation. These hard drives are primarily used in servers, laptops, digital video recorders, digital audio players, Microsoft Xbox, and desktops.
Secure Digital Flash	Matsushita, Toshiba, and SanDisk have developed this flash memory card format. It is used in handheld computers, digital cameras, PDAs and GPS units. The capacities range from 8 MB to 16 GB. However, compatibility issues mar use of these cards in older devices. You can use a Flash Path adapter to access SD cards through the floppy disk drive.
Security Lock	This is a zone-based security framework used by Internet Explorer. This grouping is according to specific conditions. This security allows broad areas of functionality while restricting specific function areas. There are regular updates and patches to this security system available through automatic updates of Windows Update service. Some of the recent improvements are applicable for Windows XP only.
Serial Port	This is a specific type of connection available on PCs for specific peripherals like modems, gaming controllers, mouse, and printers. This port can transmit only one bit of data at a time. As this port is very slow in functioning, new computers have replaced this port with more compatible USB ports. However, these ports are still in use in establishing cheap and simple interconnectivity between devices.
Server	It serves information to all computers connected to it. Any connected computer can access files, programs, and other information through the server. Common servers include mail servers, Web servers, and LAN servers. A single computer can have many server programs on it. Simplest form of servers includes print servers, routers, gateways, switches, and net modems.
Service Pack	It is a package of collection of updates, fixes, or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package. Microsoft and Autodesk release such a service pack when the number of individual patches to any given program reaches a certain limit. It is easy to install a service pack.
SharePoint	This is a web-based collaboration and document management platform. Microsoft offers this platform for specialized applications and for hosting web sites to access shared workspaces and documents. Such sites are actually ASP.NET applications. There are three major applications within it. These are Windows SharePoint Services (WSS), Microsoft Office SharePoint Server (MOSS), and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer (SPD).
Shareware	This is computer software. You can get this by downloading from the Internet or on magazine cover-disks free. You can try this version before purchasing the full version. If this program is already the full version, you can try it for a short trial period. It is also known as ‘try before you buy.’
Shell Account	This is a personal account that gives you access to a UNIX shell on another machine. You can log onto a remote server and run commands on it. This is useful for trying another operating system. Some allow twenty-four hours connection while some offer specific number of days connection. There are restrictions for running specific background processes.
Shortcut	It is a small file containing only location of another file. It works according to specific parameters. Such shortcut is normally placed on the start menu, desktop, and taskbar of different operating systems. It normally operates only from the GUI. .lnk files are shortcut files as they offer a link to the main file.
SLED	This refers to SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop. This is a desktop-oriented Linux distribution supplied by Novell. The current version is SLED 10. It is developed through a common code base with Novell Evolution 2.6, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 1.5, and proprietary software like Flash Player and RealPlayer. Novell offers SUSE Linux as either openSUSE or SUSE Linux Enterprise.
Sleep Mode	This is a stand-by mode for different electronic devices like televisions and computers. It refers to a mode that is awaiting instructions for further working. It reduces electrical consumption. On waking up, it resumes normal operations. ACPI is the standard for power management in computing. Keeping electronic appliances in this mode can be a fire hazard.
SLI	It refers to Scalable Link Interface. This is a multi-GPU solution developed by NVIDIA. It links two or more video cards to produce a single output. This increases graphics performance almost twice the performance level of a single card. This helps reduce bandwidth constraints. Data transfer can be through chipsets on the motherboard or through graphics cards directly.
Slot	It consists of data paths machinery and other operations around a set of functional units. This term is in common use in places between operational instructions and specific explicit pipelines for execution of operation. There are many computer pipelines in CPUs like SSE/MMX, ALU, FPU, and others. Each of these executes a single instruction in a cycle but can have many in flight.
SMS	This refers to Short Message Service. This is used for sending text messages to mobile phones. Although initially this service supported only GSM phones, presently, it supports all major cell phone systems. Messages can have 160 to 224 characters. Few technologies allow SMS messages to be interchanged with other networks as through analogue phone lines or the Internet.
SMT	This refers to Surface mount technology. This technology was developed in the sixties. It attained prominence in the eighties. This is a method of constructing electronic circuits with components mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards. This system has replaced through-hole technology method of fitting components with wire leads into holes in circuit board.
SMTP	This stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This is the standard for e-mail transmissions across the Internet. This is a text-based simple protocol. It has specific mention of the intended recipients and other encoded messages. Message transfers to a remote server through queries and responses between client and server. Mail user agent and mail transport agent act as an SMTP client.
Snapshot	This is a copy of a set of files and directories. These files and directories are exactly as they were at a particular point in the past. Read-write snapshots are popular as branching snapshots. These are helpful in data recovery, virtual hosting setups, and sandboxing. These prove efficient in managing changes to large sets of files.
Software	This term addresses a collection of computer programs, procedures, and documentation. These are responsible for performing specific tasks on the computer. It includes application software like word processors, middleware for control and coordination of distributed systems, and system software like operating systems with hardware interface to provide necessary services for application software. It broadly includes all electronic media content like tapes, film, and records.
Solid State	This refers to absence of any movement. The solid-state electronic devices consist of solid components, rather components that do not move. Typical examples include integrated circuits, speakers, television sets, digital watches, flash memory devices, and computer motherboards. As the parts do not move, these devices are less likely to suffer breakdowns in comparison to mobile mechanisms.
Sound Card	This is same as an audio card. It helps input and output of audio signals to and from a computer according to specific computer programs. Typical examples include audio component for multimedia applications like editing video or audio, games, music composition, and educational presentations. Although most computers have built-in sound cards, some require expansion cards.
Spam	This refers to junk e-mail. It also refers to irrelevant postings to a newsgroup or bulletin board. This is essentially an abuse of electronic messaging systems to send unsolicited bulk messages indiscriminately. There are numerous spammers and it has been the subject of legalization in many jurisdictions. It is also referred to as unsolicited commercial e-mail or UCE.
Speakers	A speaker is an electromechanical transducer that converts an electrical signal into sound. Speakers can refer to individual devices or drivers. Otherwise, it can refer to complete systems consisting of one or more drivers and additional electronics. A loudspeaker system with 'N' separate frequency bands is N-way speaker. A two-way system has woofer and tweeter speakers. A three-way system has a combination of woofer, tweeter, and mid-range speakers.
Spyware	This is computer software installed on a personal computer stealthily to take partial control over user's interaction with computer, however without user's consent. This can collect personal information and interfere with working of the computer significantly. It can install additional and unwanted software, accessing websites that bring in harmful viruses, or divert advertising revenue to a third party.
SRAM	This refers to Static random access memory. This is a type of semiconductor memory. It does not require periodic refreshing as it uses bistable latching circuitry to store each bit. This system can cause loss of data at times if powered down. The size of an SRAM with m address lines and n data lines is 2m words, or 2m × n bits.
SRS	This stands for Software Requirements Specification. It consists of a set of use cases that describe all interactions users will have with the software. In addition to these functional requirements, SRS also contains non-functional requirements. These non-functional requirements impose constraints on quality standards, performance engineering requirements, and designs. Overall, it provides a complete description of the entire system to be developed.
SSL	This refers to Secure Sockets Layer. This is a specific protocol developed mainly for sending information securely over the Internet. This prevents any third party from getting to know details of the data you are transmitting. This is in common usage at secure places on web sites like online checkout, user account pages, and similar others.
Storage Device	Any type of hardware that stores data is a storage device. The most common storage device is a hard drive. It stores all applications, operating systems, and files and folders. Other storage devices include flash memory devices like USB keychain drives, iPod, SD cards, and compact flash cards. Tape drives are another important storage device. This is used for backing up of data.
SuperDrive	Apple Computer used this term first in 1988 to indicate their 1.44 MB 3.5 inch floppy drive. From 2001, this term also indicated a combined CD/DVD reader/writer. The SuperDrive served as an internalized floppy drive in a Macintosh computer. Later, an external version of the drive came in a stylized plastic case. PowerBook had a Floppy Drive module.
Surge Protector	Surge Protector is an appliance that protects electrical appliances from voltage fluctuations. It can regulate voltage supplied to an electric device by either blocking or shorting to ground voltages within safe parameters. Surge protector should meet IEC 61643-1 or UL 1449 standard. Ideally, the response time should be less than one nanosecond. A high-energy absorption level indicates higher protection level of surge protector.
SUXGA	This stands for Super Ultra Extended Graphics Array. A high resolution SUXGA can deliver higher performance in a big screen without excessive scrolling. Further, it also offers great features and environmental friendly lead-free design monitor offers high returns on the investment. It offers easy compatibility with PC, Mac and different workstation platforms. Installation is also simple.
Switch	This is a small flat box available with four to eight Ethernet ports. These ports connect to computers, cable or DSL modems, and other switches. Some switches can have as many as fifty ports. Switches can limit traffic flow from each port so that every device connected to the switch has sufficient bandwidth. Switch ideally connects or frames a network of different computers.
Swivel Screen	Convertible notebooks normally have a huge base, an attached keyboard, and are normally heavier and larger. A convertible base attaches to the display through a swivel hinge or a rotating hinge. This allows screen to rotate 180° and fold into keyboard for a flat writing surface. Further, it allows you to view the monitor screen with greater flexibility for viewing from different angles.
SXGA	This stands for Super eXtended Graphics Array. This is a standard monitor resolution of 1280 × 1024 pixels. This is an enhancement of standard XGA resolution developed by IBM in 1990. Presently, this is the most common resolution on 17", 18”, and 19" desktop LCD monitors. This has a physical 5:4 aspect ratio to avoid any distortions.
SXGA+	This stands for Super eXtended Graphics Array. This computer display standard is commonly used on 14-inch or 15-inch laptop LCD screens with a resolution of 1400 × 1050 pixels. It is used in few twelve-inch laptop screens like ThinkPad X60 and X61, Toshibas Protégé M200 and M400, and Sony’s Z1 series. The widescreen version of SXGA+ is WSXGA+.
System Requirements	This refers to certain pre-requisites that are required to be present on a computer system for it to work efficiently. These prerequisites could be hardware devices and software resources. Normally systems requirements are in two defined categories. These are minimum and recommended. Upgrades to regular systems and technological advancements necessitate changes in these requirements.
T back to A-Z index
Tablet PC	This is a slate-shaped mobile computer introduced by Pen Computing in the nineties. It offers a touch screen with hybrid technology. It allows you to operate the computer with a digital pen, fingertip, or stylus instead of a mouse or keyboard. Such a computer offers increased functionality and is more prominent in places where it is impractical to use other PCs.
Taskbar	This is a term for an application desktop bar used for launching and monitoring applications in Microsoft Windows 95 and later versions. The default location for taskbar is at the bottom of the screen. It contains different menus like Start, Quick Launch bar, and different taskbar buttons. Start menu contains different programs, settings, and documents.
TCP/IP	This refers to Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. U.S. military developed these two protocols when the Internet was very new. This helps computers communicate over long distance networks. TCP verifies all packets on the Internet system. IP refers to moving of data between nodes. This software is available as built-in software in major operating systems like Windows, UNIX, and Mac OS.
Tecra	This is a notebook computer produced at Toshiba's plants in Yokkaichi and Hangzhou. Toshiba offers Tecra A5 and Tecra A6. Tecra A5 has 14" WXGA wide screen LCD display with native resolution of 1280x768 pixels. It comes with a headphone and microphone jack, DVD Burner, S-Video port, 4 USB Ports, internal 56k modem, Multi card reader, and an Ethernet port for connecting to LANs.
Terabyte	It is equivalent to 1,024 gigabytes. This is 2 to the 40th power, or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. Approximate estimation is 10 to the 12th power, or 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. Space within web servers and file servers is normally in terabytes. A single 500GB hard drive is a half-terabyte drive. The prefix ‘tera’ is commonly abbreviated as TB.
Terminal Services	Terminal Services is a component of Microsoft Windows that allows users to access data and applications on a remote computer over a network. This was first introduced in Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition. Underlying protocol and service had a huge overhaul to accommodate Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. Additional features include Remote Assistance and Remote Desktop.
Thermal Compound	Thermal Compound is a substance that increases thermal conductivity between surfaces of two or more objects. It is same as heat paste, heat sink compound, thermal compound, or thermal paste. It is mainly used in electronics and computer industries. It allows for withdrawing of heat from a semiconductor component like an integrated circuit or transistor.
Thermal Glue	It is thermally conductive glue used for electronic components and heat sinks. It is similar to thermal paste. It has two parts. You have to mix these two parts and thereafter apply to the surface to set the bond. Thermal glue helps transfer heat from one surface to another like heat sinks to motherboard chipsets and video card processors.
Thermal Printer	This produces a printed image when thermal paper passes over the thermal print head. It functions by selectively heating coated thermo-chromic paper or thermal paper. Coating turns black in heated areas and produces an image. Thermal transfer printing is a related technique that uses heat-sensitive ribbon instead of heat-sensitive paper. Hospitals record fetal ultrasound scan images on thermal paper.
Thin Client	It is client software in client-server architecture networks. It depends mainly on conveying input and output between user and remote server. This client device is primarily used for running remote desktop software or web browsers. Some client devices can run complete operating systems like Debian GNU/Linux. This classifies thin client as diskless node or hybrid client.
ThinkLight	This is a keyboard light produced by IBM and present only in ThinkPad family of notebooks. This could be a white or yellow LED depending on the model. The Z and R series of ThinkPad features an amber light due to its low cost. This light illuminates keyboard facilitates working in lowlight conditions. This light can be activated even if the monitor is off.
ThinkPad	This is a range of portable laptop and notebook computers originally designed and sold by IBM. Lenovo division of IBM has been manufacturing and marketing the ThinkPad range since 2005. It comes in magnesium or carbon fiber reinforced plastic or titanium composite case. It has a full-size keyboard, LED keyboard light, and an active protection system.
Third Party	This is reusable software component developed for either free distribution or sale by another party, other than the original vendor. Such component oriented development improves efficiency and quality of custom applications. The third party developer is not necessarily connected to the primary product. Third party developers could develop different games or use external software tools to organize all available information.
Throughput	It is the amount of digital data per time unit delivered over a physical or logical link. It may be the amount of data delivered to a certain network terminal or host computer. It could also be between two different computers. It is measured in bits per second and sometimes in data packets per second or data packets per timeslot.
Title Bar	Title Bar is the part of a window where the title of the window appears. Normally this is at the top of the application window as a horizontal bar. Default title-bar text incorporates name of the application with that of its manufacturer. It contains icons for system commands like open or close window, minimize, maximize and others.
Toner	It is a powder used in laser printers and photocopiers to form text and images on printed-paper. The toner particles melt due to the heat of the fuser and bind them to the paper. Initially, toner was carbon powder. Presently, toner is carbon powder blended with a polymer. Toner formulations vary from machine to machine and manufacturer to manufacturer.
Toolbar	This consists of a set of icons or buttons. These are a part of a software program's interface or an open window. This bar is normally under the menu bar. It serves as an easy and perennially available interface for performing various functions. The first toolbar appeared on the Xerox Alto computer in 1973. Toolbars are common in applications like Microsoft Word and add-ons for web browsers.
Top Cover	It is a laptop cover. It protects your laptop from scratches and damages. It is a piece of vinyl with an underlying adhesive layer. This layer ensures the vinyl cover remains glued to the laptop surface. However, it will also support removing this skin layer for cleaning and other maintenance. It is available in different finishes.
Torrent	It is a file sent via BitTorrent protocol. The file could be an application, movie, song, or game. The file remains incomplete during transmission and is hence a torrent. Paused or stopped torrent downloads cannot be opened as regular files. They lack complete data. You can however resume using BitTorrent client if the file is available on an alternate server.
Toshiba	This is a Japanese multinational conglomerate manufacturing company with headquarters in Tokyo. The merger of Tanaka Engineering Works and Tokyo Electric formed it in 1939. The new company was Tokyo Shibaura Denki. It however was named Toshiba Corporation only in 1984. Toshiba manufactures electrical, electronic, and high technology goods. Its semiconductors are among the top twenty semiconductor sales leaders in the world.
Touchpad	This is a common input device used in laptop computers. It helps move cursor positions with the help of your finger. It is a substitute for the mouse. Touchpads are also found on portable media players and personal digital assistants. They are normally within three square inches. These function only on the sense of a fingertip.
Touchscreen	Touchscreen is a display that has the ability to detect location of touch. The display is thereby an input device. This display is common in computers and other terminal networks. It is also useful in satellite navigation, design of personal digital assistant, and mobile phone devices. It is presently used as a popular user interface component. Most products integrate touch screen functionality into the fundamental design.
Tower	This is the enclosure containing all major components of a computer. A computer tower is also popular as cabinet, chassis, enclosure, box, case, or housing. The tower is normally of aluminum, steel, or plastic. Recent fabrication materials include SECC steel, Plexiglas, and wood. The size and shape of computer ideally decides size and shape of the tower.
Trackpointer	This is a pointing stick. This is normally used as a pointing device. Ted Selker, a research scientist, invented this. IBM's line of ThinkPad laptops and Dell Latitudes use Trackpointer. It has a replaceable rubber cap, which is normally red in color. On a QWERTY keyboard, this stick is embedded between 'G', 'H' and 'B' keys.
Transceiver	This is a device with both transmitter and receiver. These two share a combined circuitry over a single housing. Common transceiver devices include transverters, transponders, and repeaters. This is popular as Medium Attachment Unit (MAU) in IEEE 802.3 documents. This is widely used in 10base2 and 10base5 Ethernet networks. Fiber-optic gigabit and 10 gigabit Ethernet utilize transceivers.
Trinitron	This is the best consumer Cathode Ray Tube technology. Sony Corporation developed it. This technology uses an aperture grille for creating image on the screen. It consists of wires stretched vertically down the screen. As these monitors are flat, there is virtually no distortion of image. Sony discontinued marketing and selling of Trinitrons in USA and Canada in 2007.
Trio	It is a graphic chipset for personal computers. It offers extensive 2D acceleration. It consists of RAMDAC, graphics core, and clock generator. This technology helped boards to become simpler and cheaper. These chipsets offer competitive pricing, strong yields, and excellent performance. Much of the software designed today is made to be compatible to such graphics products.
Trojan Horse	Trojan horse is a piece of software that performs functions like a computer virus. This action may remain encoded within a hidden payload. It may or may not be malicious. It could also refer to security loopholes that allow unauthorized access. Normally, Trojan horse refers to virus that can cause extensive damage to your hard disk.
Truecolor	This is a technique of representing and storing graphical image information. It includes a wide range of colors, hues, and shades. It helps display many high quality photographic images or complex graphics. It can also represent a numerical graphic. Here numbers are displayed to represent colors. If number is equivalent to specific color, it is Truecolor.
U back to A-Z index
Ultraportable	Ultraportable is a specific class of laptop computer that offers extreme portability. It is 1.5” thin or still thinner and weighs less than four pounds. Keyboards are smaller than normal laptops and batteries are lightweight and small. This could also translate into uncomfortable ergonomic design and short battery life. Sony VAIO PCG-TR3A, IBM ThinkPad X40, HP Compaq NC4010, and the Gateway M200X are examples of ultraportable laptop computers.
Universal AC Adapter	This is a linear mode of power supply, although very rarely used. It attempts to replace missing or damaged adapters. It makes use of multiple plugs and selectors for different voltages and polarities. This power supply is common in the manufacturer of low-cost electrical items. It is also popular as AC adapter, power adapter, plug-in adapter, or power brick.
Universal Remote	A universal remote is a programmed remote control that can easily operate one or various brands of consumer electronic device. Most remotes that are sold by the most of the electronic devices include the capabilities of universal remote that allows the remote have a control other devices. Magnavox is the first universal remote introduced by Phillips. The first universal programmable remote was released in 1987.
UNIX	UNIX was developed by few AT&T employees in 1969, is a computer operating system. Over the time AT&T, nonprofit organizations and commercial vendors have split UNIX system into various branches. UNIX system can be characterized by different concepts, for example, hierarchical file system, use of plain text for data storing, certain kinds of inter-process communications as files, and treating devices. These concepts are commonly called the UNIX philosophy.
UPC	UPC or Universal Product Code is a specific kind of barcode that is very often used in Canada and the United States to track the trade items in a store. The UPC encodes twelve decimal digits that are all numerals and without any other characters or letter. The first digit is the prefix whereas the last digit forms the error correcting check digit, which detects the errors in scanning and manual entry.
Upload	This refers to sending of data from a local system to a remote system, FTP server, or website. Uploading and downloading are two relative terms that describe electronic transfer of data between computer systems. In colloquial terms, it also refers to transfers to and from removable storage disks like CDs. Downloading refers to receiving of data.
UPS	UPS or Uninterruptible Power Supply is a kind of power supply. It uses battery backup for maintaining its power when there is unexpected power outages. A typical UPS comprises of a high capacity rechargeable battery. A UPS keeps a computer running after a power loss for around fifteen minutes, which is enough time to save the documents and shut the computer down. The UPS runs power through battery that is why it has a limit to wattage Load.
USB	USB or Universal Serial Bus is the common form of computer port used today. USB can connect mice, keyboards, printers, scanners, game controllers, digital cameras, removable media drives, etc. A USB helps in simplifying several printers to a single computer. A few USB hubs can connect around one hundred twenty seven peripherals to single USB port as well as use them all at once.
USB 1.1	Universal Serial Bus 1.1 is an upgraded version that was released in 1998 September. It mostly fixed problem relating to hubs identified in 1.0. It allowed maximum transfer rate of 12Mbits per second, which is now obsolete. However, the speed that it possessed is now being adopted in USB 2.0 and calling it Original USB officially.
USB 2.0	Universal Serial Bus 2.0 or USB 2.0 is an upgraded version that allows higher speeds than its predecessor does. The main intention of this serial bus is for broadening the external peripheral range to be used in computers. USB 2.0 comes with raw data rate 480Mbps, and it is 40 times faster than the interface of its predecessor.
USB Cable	USB cable or Universal Serial Bus was developed keeping in mind the opportunity for the user to run multiple peripherals on the computer without individually configuring devices or allocating other installations. A USB cable allows one hundred twenty seven individual peripherals devices to be connected to the host computer with the help of a single interface and system of USB hubs.
User ID	A User ID (UID) is a code that the computer identifies the user with. It is necessary for the user to identify to the system when he or she logs into the system. It is a unique positive integer allotted in a UNIX like operating system to individual users. A User ID is stored along with other specific information and corresponding user name, in the /and/passwd file that can be read with a rose command as follows: rose/etc/psswd
Username	A username help an individual to identify uniquely on the computer. E.g., a computer may have multiple account setups, having different username for all individual accounts. A username is always paired with the password, this combination is called as login, and the user is required to log in to a website. For example, you will have to enter your username and password to access your email.
Utility	Utility programs also called ‘utilities’ are software functions that provide functionality to the computer to help it perform well. These are disk repair, antivirus, backup, file management, networking programs and security. Utilities can include other applications such as font, icon tools, screensavers, and desktop enhancements. They also include programs that the computers free of virus and spy ware.
UXGA	UXGA stands for Ultra eXtended Graphics Array. It refers to resolution of a standard monitor, which is 1600 × 1200 pixels, an exact quadruple default resolution of SVGA (800 × 600). UXGA forms the native resolution for the 20” and 21” LCD desktop monitors and few 4:3 laptops 15” LCDs. UXGA also exists in some 14” laptop LCDs but they are very rare.
UXGA+	UXGA+ stands for Ultra eXtended Graphics Array, which refers to the 1600 x 1200 pixels standard monitor resolution, which is a quadruple default resolution of SVGA 800 × 600. UXGA+ also forms the native resolution for the 20” and 21” LCD desktop monitors and few 4:3 laptops 15” LCDs. UXGA also exists in some 14” laptop LCDs but they are rarely found.
V back to A-Z index
Verizon	Verizon Communications, Inc. is the American broadband and Telecommunications Company and a part of Dow 30. Verizon was formed in the year 2000 when Bell Atlantic merged with GTE. Before its transformation to Verizon, Bell Altantic had prior merger with NYNEX, Regional Bell Operating Company in 1997. The name Verizon is the portmanteau of the word Veritas and horizon.
VGA	VGA or Video Graphics Array is a display interface or the standard monitor used in PCs. Therefore, a monitor that is VGA friendly will work well with most new computers. IBM originally developed VGA standard in 1987 that allowed a 640 X 480 pixels display resolution. However, this resolution in the computer market has been replaced but it is an upcoming thing for the mobile devices.
Video Card	A video card helps to process graphic portions of processing load and help any program run efficiently. In fact, the advent of video card gives the CPU a little break of processing. Video cards are also known as graphics accelerators and speed up 3D and 2D graphics rendering. There are many programs that solely rely on the video card, which they will not perform if a video card is not installed.
Video Glasses	Video glasses enhance experience of ultimate private video watching for you. If you do not want a trespasser to take notice of what you are watching then you just need digital video glasses. You can hook it to a video iPod, DVD player or your Zune. They are reasonable, lightweight, and compact, which is compatible with game consoles, PMPa, PDAs and cellular phones. They come with dual video screens, a rechargeable LiNH battery with up to eight hours of battery life and a stylish built in ear buds.
Video iPod	The Video iPod marketed by Apple Inc. is the portable media player marketed by Apple Inc. It forms the flagship model for the Apple's iPod family. All prior six generation of iPods have used the 1.8’’ hard drive as storage. This classic retronym was an introduction to the sixth generation one. Before introduction of this, they were referred as iPods.
Video RAM	Video RAM or Video Random Access Memory is great for running and loading programs. Video RAM pronounced as "V-RAM,” serves as a buffer between the video card and the CPU. When the picture has to be displayed on the computer screen, the processor first reads the image and then it is written on the Video RAM. The different types of VRAM but the popular one is the Synchronous Graphics RAM (SGRAM).
Virtual Memory	A memory is a hardware that the computer requires to run programs and operate systems. When too many programs run in the computer, there are chances of memory to be exhausted. This is where the function of virtual memory starts. A virtual memory enlarges the available computer memory by placing in memory to store more data or by increasing the ‘address space’.
Virus	A virus, like a biological virus is something that will negatively affect ones body. Similarly, computer viruses are scripts or small programs that have a negative effect on your computer. They can be as nasty as creating and erasing files, moving files, consuming the memory of the computer and disrupting a smooth operating system. There are viruses that duplicate themselves and get attached to a program and travel through networks. Therefore, opening an infected attachment in an e-mail is the common process to get your computer infected by a virus. Norton AntiVirus®, Virex®, McAfee VirusScan®, are few of the antivirus programs that scan your files for virus.
Vizio	Vizio, privately held consumer electronics is the producer of LCD and plasma TVs. Vizio was formed in 1999 and at present is based in USA (Irvine California), it is the largest LCD television seller of North America. Officially, styled VIZIO, Vizio introduces 7 plasma High-Definition TVs with latest technology advancement and advanced processing power. They will include the Silicon Optix HQV Processing in 1080p Plasma Display, rich VP504F-50? Full High Definition, and with high definition 10800p display VP605F-60?. There are other series of hi-tech products that all set for release in the market.
VoIP	Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP, mostly pronounced ‘voip’ is the telephone connection over internet. It allows a long-distance call around the world without one paying anything extra for an international phone or long distance charges. You will need to have VoIP software, a PC, and an internet connection. You may also need a VoIP telephone, a microphone or an analog telephone adapter. Vonage is the largest VoIP service provider.
Volt Meter	A voltmeter is device to measure the difference in electrical potential between 2 points in the electric circuit, the voltage. Voltage is measured by letting the current pass through the resistance, which is why a voltmeter is also called a high resistance ammeter. The voltmeter has a sensitive ammeter that helps the instrument to consume minimum current to operate, and equally lesser chances of disturbing the circuit.
Volts	It is the SI derived unit of electromotive force or electric potential difference. Physicist Alessandro Volta invented voltaic pile, a forerunner of battery that produced a steady electric current. Volt is the potential difference when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power across a conductor. Ohm's Law defines the relationship between voltage and current.
VRAM	This refers to Video Random Access Memory. This is a dual-ported version of DRAM. IBM Research invented it in 1980. This provides all essentials to advance graphics from poor quality and low-resolution single green color computer screens to high resolution and multicolor displays of SVGA and above. VRAM is presently obsolete as the same function is now available through standard chips.
W back to A-Z index
Warranty	It is a commitment that a specific service or a sold article is exactly as stated in given facts or legally implied by the seller. The commitment further emphasizes that if the article or service does not meet specified criteria, it is emphatic to provide a replacement or offer necessary repairs. Breach of warranty occurs if the product is defective.
Watts	This is the SI derived unit of power. It is equal to one joule of energy per second. It has a symbol ‘W’. It is named after James Watt, inventor of steam engine. One thousand watts equal a kilowatt (kW) while a million watts equals a megawatt (MW). A kilowatt is approximately equal to 1.34 horsepower.
Webcam	It is a small digital video camera with low resolution. Images on webcam are accessed through the World Wide Web, PC videoconferencing application, or through instant messaging. Analog cameras are sometimes used to connect to a video capture card and thereby to the Internet. The oldest still operating webcam is FogCam at San Francisco State University, running continuously since 1994.
WEP	It stands for Wired Equivalent Privacy. This is an algorithm to secure IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. These networks broadcast messages using radio. WEP ensures confidentiality of messages. However, there is specific software that can crack through WEP confidentiality. Although there are more weaknesses in WEP like possibility of IV collisions and altered packets, it is still popular.
Western Digital	It refers to Western Digital Corporation. It is a major manufacturer of hard disks and other important electronic components. It is presently the second largest hard drive company. It adopted perpendicular recording technology in its line of notebook and desktop drives in 2007. It presently also produces energy efficient Green Power range of drives.
Wi-Fi	This is abbreviation for Wireless Fidelity. Wi-Fi refers to wireless network components functioning according to Wi-Fi Alliance's 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi Alliance owns this wireless technology brand with intention of improving interoperability of wireless local area network products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi Alliance certifies products through established test procedures to launch interoperability.
Widescreen	It is a computer, film, or television image. This is shorter but wider than the standard frame. This was extensively used in newsreels and some shorts during the twenties. There was a revival of widescreen images in the fifties due to emergence of television in the U.S. There are different methods of producing a widescreen image of any given proportion.
Wifi	This is abbreviated form of Wireless Fidelity. It refers to wireless network components based on one of the Wi-Fi Alliance's 802.11 standards. Common applications using this technology include televisions, digital cameras, DVD players, gaming, Internet, and VoIP phone access necessitating network connectivity. Presently, such installation can provide secure computer networking gateway, DHCP server, firewall, intrusion detection system, and other functions.
Windows	It is the most popular operating system for personal computers. There are different versions of Windows operating system. The first Microsoft Windows operating environment was in November 1985. Current versions include Windows XP and Windows 2000 while earlier versions include Windows 3.1, 95, 98, ME, and NT. Microsoft Windows use a graphical user interface and offer a command-line interface for typing text commands.
Windows 2000	It is an interruptible, defensive, graphical, and business-oriented operating system. It can function with a single processor or with symmetric multiprocessor computers. It was released on February 17, 2000 and is a part of Microsoft Windows NT line of operating systems. It includes four editions, which are Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server.
Windows Vista	Microsoft developed this line of operating system for use on personal computers like home and business desktops, laptops, Tablet PCs, and media centers. It was released over a three-month period to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers, and retail channels. It was available for downloading and purchase from Microsoft's web site in January 2007.
Windows XP	It is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on general-purpose computer systems like home and business desktops, notebook computers, and media centers. XP is abbreviated form of experience. It is the first consumer-oriented operating system. It was released in October 2001. It has two main editions of Windows XP Home Edition and Windows XP Professional.
Wireless	The most common types of wireless capabilities for computers include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wi-Fi technology uses a wireless card that is Wi-Fi compatible. This card transmits through a wireless router connected to a network, cable modem, or DSL modem with Internet access. Use of Bluetooth technology requires a Bluetooth adapter or Bluetooth-enabled devices. It is used in wireless keyboards, wireless printing, and wireless cell phone headsets.
Wireless Hub	It is a short-range and high-bandwidth wireless radio communication protocol. It is based on WiMedia Alliance's Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) common radio platform. It was specifically designed for operating in the frequency range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. However, local regulatory policies restrict legal operating range. It establishes easy contact between USB peripherals and laptop.
Wireless Keyboard	It offers interaction through Bluetooth wireless technology. It does not have any USB connectors or ports. It has a transmitter and receiver unit that attaches to the computer's keyboard port. Infrared signals or radio frequency establishes connection between keyboard and the unit attached to the computer. It requires batteries to work. It is gaining popularity due to extensive user freedom.
Wireless Mouse	This is a computer mouse that works through transmitted infrared or radio signals. These signals are received at a base station receiver. Infrared signals require line of sight to the receiver while radio signals use radio waves that transmit in a wider pattern. This mouse has no cord. The mouse has the basic function of a pointer.
WLAN	It refers to wireless local area network. This refers to linking of two or more computers without using wires. WLAN uses OFDM modulation technology or spread-spectrum. This technology uses radio waves for establishing communication between devices in a limited area. It allows user to remain connected to the network while moving around a wide area.
Word Processor	Word Processor is a program that processes words, programs, paragraphs, pages, and entire papers. Common word processing programs include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect (Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only), and OpenOffice.org. Most word processing programs offer additional features like change the page formatting, customize style of text, and add headers, footers, page numbers, word count, and similar functions. Such programs offer easy and efficient revision of text.
Workstation	It refers to a place where work is done. Normally, it refers to a computer with its additional configurations that help in completing the work. These additional configurations include audio recording, photo editing, and video production. There can be many workstations in an office with different workstations catering to different functions. Normally all workstations have a common network to promote greater efficiency.
WPA	It refers to Wi-Fi Protected Access. This security protocol creates secure wireless (Wi-Fi) networks. It offers better security and authorizations. WPA uses temporal key integrity protocol to change system keys. This prevents any possible intrusion. It also uses Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) for authorizing users. It further uses more complicated systems and measures to restrict unauthorized entry.
WUXGA	This refers to Widescreen Ultra eXtended Graphics Array. It is a display resolution of 1920×1200 pixels (2,304,000 pixels) with a 16:10 screen aspect ratio. This best suits HDTV content and 1080p high-definition movies on Blu-ray Disc or HD DVD. WUXGA resolution is equivalent to 2.3 mega pixels. A WUXGA image has an uncompressed size of around 6.6 MiB.
WWAN	This refers to Wireless Wide Area Network. WWAN is a type of wireless network that uses cellular network technologies for transfer of data. These cellular network technologies include GPRS, UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, Mobitex, 3G, or HSDPA. Most computers presently offer integrated WWAN capabilities as in Centrino. Common providers of WWAN include Sprint, AT&T, or Verizon.
WWW	This refers to World Wide Web. It is commonly referred to as web. It is a subset of the Internet. It consists of various pages that can be accessed through a web browser. WWW uses Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to transfer Web pages to the computer. All web pages are in HTML or hypertext markup language. This works with HTTP.
X back to A-Z index
XBrite	It is a marketing name trademarked by Sony. It is one of the latest notebook screens available with antireflective LCD screen technology. Sony XBRITE™ offers Sony Vaio notebook with XBRITE™, X-black and Clear Bright. Anti-reflective XBRITE™ available with ScreenTek is popular as Pixel Bright. This technology produces crisper images, sharper contrasting tones, and more brilliant colors.
Xeon	The first Xeon was introduced in 1998. Xeon offers dual-processor (DP) and multi-processor (MP) configuration on a single motherboard of server stations and workstation computers. It has been the reigning brand over various x86 and x86-64 processors. Intel's (non-x86) IA-64 processors are called Itanium. Xeon includes system management features, error checking memory, and fast system buses and L2 caches.
XGA	This stands for eXtended Graphics Array. It is an IBM display standard. Although introduced in 1990, presently, it is the most common appellation of the 1024 × 768 pixels display resolution. XGA offers fixed function hardware acceleration to offload processing of 2D drawing tasks. It offers faster acceleration and has comprehensive drawing primitives. XGA is not a replacement for Super VGA umbrella.
Z back to A-Z index
ZIP	It refers to a zipped or compressed file. It compresses many files into a smaller archive. It takes less hard disk space and proves faster in transferring files to another computer. Different models can hold different amounts of Zip disks. Some drives can hold up to 750 MB Zip disks. Normally, zip files have an extension of .zip or .ZIP.
ZIP Drive	It is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system. Iomega introduced it in 1994. It is similar to Iomega’s Bernoulli Box system. It started with a capacity of 100 MB. Later versions can accommodate 750 MB. Presently it is not in use as flash drive systems and rewritable CDs and DVDs offer a better option of storage.

Please read more to find out how you can support our troops who risk their lives for our freedom every single day.

Latitude D410 2.00GHz
Compare At: $393.99
Sale: $319.99

*Special Offer*
For a limited time, we have super-low priced laptops in excellent condition perfect for your child! Help further the potential of your child's development with their very own laptop!

Computers are a huge benefit for development in children. A computer to a child is just a toy that they need to figure out how to use and play with. The process of doing this furthers intelligence in verbal and nonverbal skills, structural knowledge, manual dexterity, long-term memory, problem solving, abstraction, and conceptual skills (Haugland, Young Children and Technology).

"The potential gains for kindergarten and primary children are tremendous, including improved motor skills, enhanced mathematical thinking, increased creativity, higher scores on tests of critical thinking and problem solving, higher levels of what Nastasi and Clements (1994) term effectance motivation (the belief that they can change or affect their environment), and increased scores on standardized language assessments. In addition, computers enhance children's self-concept, and children demonstrate increasing levels of spoken communication and cooperation. Children share leadership roles more frequently and develop positive attitudes toward learning" (kidsource.com).

Departments

Brands